35 Of The FBI's Most Famous Closed Cases - Chapters 20-27



CHAPTER 20
THE LINDBERGH KIDNAPPING

Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr., twenty-month-old son of the famous 
aviator and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, was kidnapped about 9:00 p.m., on March 
1, 1932, from the nursery on the second floor of the Lindbergh home near 
Hopewell, New Jersey. The child's absence was discovered and reported to 
his parents, who were then at home, at approximately 10:00 p.m. by the 
child's nurse, Betty Gow. A search of the premises was immediately made 
and a ransom note demanding $50,000 was found on the nursery window sill. 
After the Hopewell police were notified, the report was telephoned to the 
New Jersey State Police, who assumed charge of the investigation.

During the search at the kidnapping scene, traces of mud were found on the 
floor of the nursery. Footprints, impossible to measure, were found under 
the nursery window. Two sections of the ladder had been used in reaching 
the window, one of the two sections was split or broken where it joined 
the other, indicating that the ladder had broken during the ascent or 
descent. There were no blood stains in or about the nursery, nor were 
there any fingerprints.

Household and estate employees were questioned and investigated. Colonel 
Lindbergh asked friends to communicate with the kidnappers, and they made 
widespread appeals for the kidnappers to start negotiations. Various 
underworld characters were dealt with in attempts to contact the 
kidnappers, and numerous clues were advanced and exhausted.

A second ransom note was received by Colonel Lindbergh on March 6, 1932, 
(postmarked Brooklyn, New York, March 4), in which the ransom demand was 
increased to $70,000. A police conference was then called by the Governor 
at Trenton, New Jersey, which was attended by prosecuting officials, 
police authorities, and Government representatives. Various theories and 
policies of procedure were discussed. Private investigators also were 
employed by Colonel Lindbergh's attorney, Colonel Henry Breckenridge.

The third ransom note was received by Colonel Lindbergh's attorney on 
March 8, informing that an intermediary appointed by the Lindberghs would 
not be accepted and requesting a note in a newspaper. On the same date, 
Dr. John F. Condon, Bronx, New York City, a retired school principal, 
published in the "Bronx Home News" an offer to act as go-between and to 
pay an additional $1,000 ransom. The following day the fourth ransom note 
was received by Dr. Condon, which indicated he would be acceptable as a go-
between. This was approved by Colonel Lindbergh. About March 10, 1932, Dr. 
Condon received $70,000 in cash as ransom, and immediately started 
negotiations for payment through newspaper columns, using the code name 
"Jafsie."

About 8:30 p.m., on March 12, after receiving an anonymous telephone call, 
Dr. Condon received the fifth ransom note, delivered by Joseph Perrone, a 
taxicab driver, who received it from an unidentified stranger. The message 
stated that another note would be found beneath a stone at a vacant stand, 
100 feet from an outlying subway station. This note, the sixth, was found 
by Condon, as indicated. Following instructions therein, the doctor met an 
unidentified man, who called himself "John," at Woodlawn Cemetery, near 
233rd Street and Jerome Avenue. They discussed payment of the ransom 
money. The stranger agreed to furnish a token of the child's identity. 
Condon was accompanied by a bodyguard, except while talking to "John." 
During the next few days, Dr. Condon repeated his advertisements, urging 
further contact and stating his willingness to pay the ransom.

A baby's sleeping suit, as a token of identity, and a seventh ransom note 
were received by Dr. Condon on March 16. The suit was delivered to Colonel 
Lindbergh and later identified. Condon continued his advertisements. The 
eighth ransom note was received by Condon on March 21, insisting on 
complete compliance and advising that the kidnapping had been planned for 
a year.

On March 29, Betty Gow, the Lindbergh nurse, found the infant's thumb 
guard, worn at the time of the kidnapping, near the entrance to the 
estate. The following day the ninth ransom note was received by Condon, 
threatening to increase the demand to $100,000 and refusing a code for use 
in newspaper columns. The tenth ransom note, received by Dr. Condon, on 
April 1, 1932 instructed him to have the money ready the following night, 
to which Condon replied by an ad in the Press. The eleventh ransom note 
was delivered to Condon on April 2, 1932, by an unidentified taxi driver 
who said he received it from an unknown man. Dr. Condon found the twelfth 
ransom note under a stone in front of a greenhouse at 3225 East Tremont 
Avenue, Bronx, New York, as instructed in the eleventh note.

Shortly thereafter, on the same evening, by following the instructions 
contained in the twelfth note, Condon again met whom he believed to be 
"John" to reduce the demand to $50,000. This amount was handed to the 
stranger in exchange for a receipt and the thirteenth note, containing 
instructions to the effect that the kidnapped child could be found on a 
boat named "Nellie" near Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. The stranger 
then walked north into the park woods. The following day an unsuccessful 
search for the baby was made near Martha's Vineyard. The search was later 
repeated. Dr. Condon was positive that he would recognize "John" if he 
ever saw him again.

On May 12, 1932, the body of the kidnapped baby was accidentally found, 
partly buried, and badly decomposed, about four and a half miles southeast 
of the Lindbergh home, 45 feet from the highway, near Mount Rose, New 
Jersey, in Mercer County. The discovery was made by William Allen, an 
assistant on a truck driven by Orville Wilson. The head was crushed, there 
was a hole in the skull and some of the body members were missing. The 
body was positively identified and cremated at Trenton, New Jersey, on May 
13, 1932. The Coroner's examination showed that the child had been dead 
for about two months and that death was caused by a blow on the head.


The Investigation: 1932 - 1934

On March 2, 1932, after a conference with the Attorney General, J. Edgar 
Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (or Bureau 
of Investigation, as it was called at that time), had contacted the 
headquarters of the New Jersey State Police at Trenton, New Jersey. He 
officially informed the organization that the U.S. Department of Justice 
would afford Colonel H. Norman Schwarzkopf, the Superintendent of the New 
Jersey State Police, the assistance and cooperation of the FBI in bringing 
about the apprehension of the parties responsible for the kidnapping. He 
advised the New Jersey State Police that they could call upon the Bureau 
for any facilities or resources which the latter might be capable of 
extending. The Special Agent in Charge (SAC) of the New York City Office 
of the Bureau, which at that time covered the New Jersey district, was 
instructed accordingly and, upon instructions from the Director, the SAC 
communicated with the New Jersey State Police and the New York City 
Police, offering any assistance which the Bureau might be able to lend in 
this matter.

During the next few weeks the Bureau was acting merely in an auxiliary 
capacity, there being no Federal jurisdiction. However, on May 13, 1932, 
the President directed that all governmental investigative agencies should 
place themselves at the disposal of the State of New Jersey and that the 
FBI should serve as a clearinghouse and coordinating agency for all 
investigations in this case conducted by Federal investigative units.

On May 23, 1932, the FBI in New York City informed banks in greater New 
York that the Bureau was the coordinating agency for all governmental 
activity in the case. A close watch for ransom money was requested.

The New Jersey State Police announced on May 26, 1932, the offer of a 
reward not to exceed $25,000 for information resulting in the apprehension 
and conviction of the kidnapper or kidnappers. In compliance with a 
request made by Colonel Schwarzkopf, copies of this notice of reward were 
forwarded by the FBI to all law enforcement officials and agencies 
throughout the United States.

On June 10, 1932, Violet Sharpe, a waitress in the home of Mrs. 
Lindbergh's mother, Mrs. Dwight Morrow, who had been under investigation 
by the authorities, committed suicide by swallowing poison when she was 
about to be requestioned. However, her movements on the night of March 1, 
1932, had been carefully checked and it was soon definitely ascertained 
that she had no connection with the abduction.

In September, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt stated in a meeting 
with J. Edgar Hoover that all work on the case be centralized in the 
Department of Justice. He requested the Director to convey his views to 
Attorney General Cummings with the suggestion that the Attorney General 
make a request of the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 
either through the President or directly, for a detailed report of all 
work performed by the IRS Intelligence Unit. On October 19, 1933, it was 
officially announced that the FBI would have exclusive jurisdiction in so 
far as the Federal Government was concerned in the handling of any 
investigative features of the case.

The President's Proclamation requiring the return to the Treasury of all 
gold and gold certificates was a valuable aid in the case, inasmuch as $40,
000 of the ransom money had been paid in gold certificates and, at the 
time of the Proclamation, a large portion of this money was known to be 
outstanding. Therefore, this phase of the investigation was emphasized.

On January 17, 1934, a circular letter was issued by the New York City 
Bureau Office to all banks and their branches in New York City, requesting 
an extremely close watch for the ransom certificates and, in February, 
1934, all Bureau Offices were supplied with copies of the Bureau's revised 
pamphlet containing the serial numbers of ransom bills. The New York City 
Bureau Office distributed copies of this pamphlet to each employee 
handling currency in banks, clearinghouses, grocery stores in certain 
selected communities, insurance companies, gasoline filling stations, 
airports, department stores, post offices, and telegraph companies.

Following the distribution of these booklets containing the serial number 
of the ransom currency, there were also prepared and similarly distributed 
by the Bureau currency key cards which, in convenient form, set forth the 
inclusive serial numbers of all of the ransom notes which had been paid. 
This was followed by frequent personal contacts with bank officials and 
with individual employees in an effort to keep alive their interest.

Prior to this time, the passing of ransom bills had been reported to 
either the FBI, the New Jersey State Police, or the New York City Police 
Department, none of which had complete information on this point. 
Therefore, arrangements were effected whereby investigation of all such 
ransom bills detected in the future could be immediately conducted jointly 
by representatives of the three interested agencies.

One of the by-products of the case was a mass of misinformation received 
from well-meaning but uninformed, highly imaginative individuals, and a 
deluge of letters written by demented persons, publicity seekers, and 
frauds. It was essential, however, that all possible clues, regardless of 
the prospect of success, be carefully followed, and it was impossible in 
the vast majority of instances to determine at the inception whether they 
would be material or false.

On March 4, 1932, a con man named Gaston B. Means was approached by Mrs. 
Evalyn Walsh McLean, of Washington, D.C., who felt that she might be of 
material assistance to Colonel Lindbergh in procuring the return of his 
child. Mrs. McLean had become acquainted with Means as a result of some 
investigative work which means had performed for her husband some years 
before. Means informed her that he felt certain he could secure a contact 
with the kidnappers inasmuch as he had been invited to participate in a 
"big kidnapping" some weeks before but had declined. Means claimed that 
his friend was responsible for the Lindbergh kidnapping. The following 
day, Means reported to Mrs. McLean that he had made a contact with the 
persons who had the child. He successfully induced Mrs. McLean to hand 
over to him $100,000, to be used in paying the ransom which he said had 
been doubled. Until April 17, 1932, he kept Mrs. McLean waiting, daily 
expecting the return of the child. During this period, he purported to be 
effecting negotiations with the alleged leader of the kidnappers, whom he 
called "The Fox." Mrs. McLean finally requested the return of the $100,000 
and additional money which she had advanced him for "expenses." When he 
failed to do so, the case was turned over to the FBI. Means and "The Fox," 
who was found to be Norman T. Whitaker, a disbarred Washington attorney, 
were apprehended, and Means was later convicted of embezzlement and 
larceny after trust, and sentenced to serve fifteen years in a Federal 
penitentiary. Whitaker and Means were later convicted of conspiracy to 
defraud, and were sentenced to serve two years each in a Federal 
penitentiary.

There were other attempted frauds which required extensive investigations 
before they could be completely eliminated from consideration in 
connection with the Lindbergh case.

In all, there were literally thousands of leads in all sections of the 
United States which were followed to their definite conclusions by the 
Bureau. The results of all these investigations, no matter how trivial, 
were reported. The activities of the known and suspected members of the so-
called "Purple Gang" of Detroit, and various rumors and allegations 
concerning this gang were carefully and thoroughly investigated. Numerous 
registries of boats were examined in a fruitless endeavor to locate the 
boat "Nellie," on which the baby was to have been found according to the 
13th and last ransom note handed to Dr. Condon at the time he paid the 
ransom money to "John." Records of cemetery employees who were employed in 
various cemeteries in certain sections of New York City and near Hopewell, 
New Jersey, were examined. Information accumulated in various other 
kidnapping and extortion cases handled by the FBI was examined in closest 
detail and studied with particular reference to any bearing they might 
have upon the solution of the Lindbergh case. Hundreds of photographs and 
descriptive data of known criminals of all types and other possible 
suspects were exhibited to the few eye-witnesses in this case in an 
endeavor to identify the mysterious "John."

On May 2, 1933, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York discovered 296 ten-
dollar gold certificates, and one twenty- dollar gold certificate, all 
Lindbergh ransom notes. These bills were included among the currency 
received at the Federal Reserve Bank on May 1, 1933, and apparently had 
been made in one deposit. Immediately upon the discovery of these bills, 
deposit tickets at the Federal Reserve Bank for May 1, 1933, were 
examined. One was found bearing the name and address of "J.J. Faulkner, 
537 West 149th Street," and had marked thereon "gold certificates," "$10 
and $20" in the amount of $2,980. Despite extensive investigation, this 
depositor was never located.

Examination of the ransom notes by handwriting experts resulted in a 
virtually unanimous opinion that all the notes were written by the same 
person and that the writer was of German nationality but had spent some 
time in America. Dr. Condon described "John" as Scandinavian, and 
believing he could identify the man, spent considerable time in viewing 
the numerous photographs of possible suspects and known criminals. In this 
connection, the FBI retained the services of an artist to prepare a 
portrait of "John" from descriptions furnished by Dr. Condon and Joseph 
Perrone, the taxi cab driver who had delivered one of the ransom letters 
to Dr. Condon.

In a further endeavor to identify the individual who received the ransom 
payment, representatives of the New York City Bureau Office engaged Dr. 
Condon to prepare a transcript of all conversations had by him with "John" 
on March 12 and April 2, 1932, the dates on which Dr. Condon personally 
contacted the kidnapper in order to negotiate the return of the child and 
the payment of the ransom. These conversations were, during March, 1934, 
transcribed in detail on phonograph records by Dr. Condon who imitated the 
pronunciations and dialect of "John." In this manner the nationality, 
education, mentality, and character of the kidnapper were more clearly 
defined and permanently preserved for future use.

Another interesting attempt to identify the kidnapper centered around the 
ladder used in the crime. Police quickly realized that it was crudely 
built, but built nonetheless by someone familiar with wood who was 
mechanically inclined. The ladder had been thoroughly examined for 
fingerprints and had been exhibited to builders, carpenters, and neighbors 
of the Lindberghs in vain. Slivers of the ladder even had been analyzed, 
and the types of wood used in the ladder had been identified. Perhaps a 
complete examination of the ladder by itself by a wood expert would yield 
additional clues, and in early 1933, such an expert was called in -- 
Arthur Koehler of the Forest Service, United States Department of 
Agriculture.

Koehler disassembled the ladder and painstakingly identified the types of 
wood used and examined tool marks. He also looked at the pattern made by 
nailholes, for it appeared likely that some wood had been used before in 
indoor construction. Koehler made field trips to the Lindbergh estate and 
to factories to trace some of the wood. He summarized his findings in a 
report, and later played a critical role in the trial of the kidnapper.


Hauptmann is Located

For a period of seven months prior to August 20, 1934, no gold 
certificates were discovered except for those received in the Federal 
Reserve Bank, previously mentioned. Starting on August 20, 1934, and 
extending into September, a total of sixteen gold certificates were 
discovered, most of them in the vicinity of Yorkville and Harlem. The long-
awaited opportunity had finally arrived. As each bill was recovered, a 
colored pin marking the location of the recovered bill was inserted in a 
large map of the Metropolitan Area, thus indicating the movements of the 
individual or individuals who might be passing the ransom money. When the 
first few made their appearance, it was decided to concentrate on gold 
certificates, as experience had proven the futility of tracing the 
ordinary currency included in the ransom money. In keeping with the 
cooperative policy previously established with the New Jersey State Police 
and the New York City Police Department, teams composed of a 
representative of each of these police agencies and a Special Agent of the 
Bureau were organized to personally contact all banks in Greater New York 
and Westchester County. As a result, the various neighborhood banks 
discovered the bills close to the point at which they were passed, and it 
then became possible for the investigators to trace the bills to the 
person who had originally passed them. For the first time in the history 
of the case, the investigators succeeded in finding that the description 
of the individual passing these bills fit exactly that of "John" as 
described by Dr. Condon. It was determined through the investigation that 
the bills were being passed principally at corner produce stores.

About 1:20 p.m. on September 18, 1934, the assistant manager of the Corn 
Exchange Bank and Trust Company, at 125th Street and Park Avenue, New York 
City, telephoned the New York City Bureau Office to advise that a ten-
dollar gold certificate had been discovered a few minutes previously by 
one of the tellers in that bank. It was soon ascertained that this bill 
had been received at the bank from a gasoline station located at 127th 
Street and Lexington Avenue, New York City. On September 15, 1934, an 
alert attendant had received a bill in payment for five gallons of 
gasoline from a man whose description fitted closely that of the 
individual who had passed other bills in recent weeks. The filling station 
attendant, being suspicious of the ten-dollar gold certificate, recorded 
on the bill the license number of the automobile driven by the purchaser. 
This license number was issued to Bruno Richard Hauptmann, 1279 East 222nd 
Street, Bronx, New York.

Hauptmann's house was closely surveilled by Federal and local authorities 
throughout the night of September 18, 1934, until at approximately 9:00 
a.m. on September 19, 1934, an individual, closely fitting the description 
of "John," as supplied by Dr. Condon, and the description of the purchaser 
of the gasoline, as supplied by the service station attendant, left his 
house and entered his automobile parked nearby. He was promptly taken into 
custody by representatives of the three interested agencies.

After some investigating, he was found to be Bruno Richard Hauptmann, the 
individual to whom the automobile license had been issued, a German 
carpenter who had been in this country for approximately 11 years. A 
twenty-dollar gold ransom certificate was found on his person. His 
description fitted perfectly that of "John" as described by Dr. Condon, 
and in his house was found a pair of shoes which had been purchased with a 
twenty-dollar ransom bill recovered on September 8, 1934. Hauptmann 
admitted several other purchases which had been made with ransom 
certificates. On the night of September 19, 1934, he was positively 
identified by Joseph Perrone as the individual from whom he had received 
the fifth ransom note to be delivered to Dr. Condon. The following day, 
ransom certificates in excess of $13,000 were found secreted in the garage 
of Hauptmann's residence. Shortly thereafter, he was identified by Dr. 
Condon as "John" to whom the ransom had been paid. It was also ascertained 
that he was in possession of a Dodge sedan automobile which answered the 
description of that seen in the vicinity of the Lindbergh home the day 
prior to the kidnapping.

Shortly after his apprehension, specimens of Hauptmann's handwriting were 
flown to Washington, D.C., where a study was made of them in the FBI 
Laboratory. A comparison of the writing appearing on the ransom notes with 
that of the specimens disclosed remarkable similarities in inconspicuous, 
personal chacteristics and writing habits, which resulted in a positive 
identification by the handwriting experts of the Laboratory. Upon the 
apprehension of Hauptmann, it was found that he bore a striking 
resemblance to the portrait of "John" which had previously been prepared 
from descriptions furnished by Dr. Condon and Joseph Perrone.

Further investigation developed that Hauptmann, 35 years old, was a native 
of Saxony, Germany. He had a criminal record for robbery and had spent 
time in prison. Early in July 1923, he stowed away aboard the SS Hanover 
at Bremen, Germany, and arrived in the Port of New York City on July 13, 
1923. He was arrested and deported immediately. After another failed 
attempt at entry in August, Hauptman successfully entered the United 
States in November 1923, on board the George Washington. On October 10, 
1925, Hauptmann married Anna Schoeffler, a New York City waitress. A son, 
Manfried, was born to them in 1933. During his illegal stay in New York 
City and until the spring of 1932, Hauptmann followed his occupation of 
carpenter. However, a short while after March 1, 1932, the date of the 
kidnapping, Hauptmann began to trade rather extensively in stocks and 
never worked again.


Indictment, Trial, and Execution

Hauptmann was indicted in the Supreme Court, Bronx County, New York, on 
charges of extortion on September 26, 1934, and on October 8, 1934, in 
Hunterdon County, New Jersey, he was indicted for murder. Two days later, 
the Governor of the State of New York honored the requisition of the 
Governor of the State of New Jersey for the surrender of Bruno Richard 
Hauptmann and on October 19, 1934, he was removed to the Hunterdon County 
Jail, Flemington, New Jersey, to await trial.

The trial of Hauptmann began on January 3, 1935, at Flemington, New 
Jersey, and lasted five weeks. The case against him was based on 
circumstantial evidence. Tool marks on the ladder matched tools owned by 
Hauptmann. Wood in the ladder was found to match wood used as flooring in 
his attic. Dr. Condon's telephone number and address were found scrawled 
on a door frame inside a closet. Handwriting on the ransom notes matched 
samples of Hauptmann's handwriting.

On February 13, 1935, the jury returned a verdict. Hauptmann was guilty of 
murder in the first degree. The sentence: death. The defense appealed.

The Supreme Court of the State of New Jersey on October 9, 1935, upheld 
the verdict of the Lower Court. Hauptmann's appeal to the Supreme Court of 
the United States was denied on December 9, 1935, and he was to be 
electrocuted on January 17, 1936. However, on this same day the Governor 
of the State of New Jersey granted a 30-day reprieve and on February 17, 
1936, Hauptmann was resentenced, to be electrocuted during the week of 
March 30, 1936. On March 30, 1936, the Pardon Court of the State of New 
Jersey denied Hauptmann's petition for clemency, and on April 3, 1936, at 
8:47 p.m., Bruno Richard Hauptmann was electrocuted.



CHAPTER 21
RICHARD FLOYD MCCOY, JR. - AIRCRAFT HIJACKING

Crime Aboard Aircraft - Aircraft Piracy;
Interference with Flight of Crew Members

[Certain names in the following description are fictitious names to 
protect peoples' identities]

Fourteen year-old Peter Fanning (fictitious name) of Provo, Utah, made a 
surprising discovery. Lying in front of him, beside a steel culvert, was 
what he thought might be a parachute pack. He brought the strange object 
to his father who was replacing a flat tire on the family car a short 
distance away. The father notified the local sheriff of their find after 
returning home that afternoon.

It was soon learned that the Fannings had stumbled upon one of the four 
parachutes furnished to a lone gunman who had commandeered a passenger 
plane on April 7, 1972, in the Colorado skies.

United Airlines Flight 855, a Boeing 727 en route from Newark, New Jersey, 
to Los Angeles, California, with 85 passengers and a crew of six, had 
resumed flight after a Denver, Colorado, stopover. Approximately 20 
minutes after takeoff, at 5:18 p.m., a male passenger was observed in his 
seat holding a hand grenade.

A stewardess, notified of the situation, immediately advised the captain. 
An off-duty pilot known to be on board as a passenger was requested to 
discreetly walk around and assess the situation only to have the person in 
question draw a pistol as he approached. The gunman handed over a sealed 
envelope, labeled "hijack instructions," and stated, "give this envelope 
to the girl and have her take it to the captain." A stewardess complied, 
and the off-duty pilot returned to his seat.

The stream of events had transpired so quickly that most passengers were 
unaware of the threat. Captain William Olinsky (fictitious name) discussed 
the matter with some crew members and decided to land at nearby Grand 
Junction, Colorado, where he would radio for law enforcement assistance on 
the ground. Olinsky then announced over the public address system that the 
aircraft was experiencing a "minor mechanical problem" and would land 
shortly.

The envelope with the hijack instructions was then opened by the captain. 
Inside were two typed pages of highly detailed directions, a hand grenade 
pin, and a bullet. The "instructions" required Olinsky to land at San 
Francisco International Airport, and park at "Runway 19 left." There, he 
was to follow certain procedures which designated the number of persons 
allowed near the plane at one time, and the distance from the aircraft 
that all vehicles other than those containing fuel were to be kept. In 
addition, the hijacker demanded $500,000 in cash, four parachutes, and the 
return of all written or typed directions given during the course of the 
flight.

The crew decided to comply and notified San Francisco of the hijacking and 
intended landing. A flight crew member announced to the passengers that 
the Grand Junction airport could not handle the "necessary repairs" after 
all, and it would be necessary to divert to San Francisco. From this point 
on, normal operations continued on-board.

In consideration of the safety of all aboard Flight 855, United Air Lines 
officials decided to meet the demands upon the plane's landing at San 
Francisco. Two flight bags loaded with cash and four parachutes were 
delivered to the plane. The hijacker, who had assumed command on 
touchdown, gave up his baggage check and had his luggage brought aboard. 
Fuel trucks hurriedly filled the plane's tanks with thousands of gallons 
of jet fuel. After seeing the completion of his written directions, some 
three hours after the plane had parked, the gunman released the passengers 
and one of the stewardesses. He then ordered the rest of the crew into the 
cockpit and took a position in the rear of the aircraft.

The hijacker then used the intercom to summon a stewardess. He gave her 
another set of flight instructions, telling the pilot to take off towards 
the east, climb to 16,000 feet, and fly precisely at 200 mph on a course 
that would overpass several specific Utah communities. The messages, now 
hand-printed, between hijacker and pilot were sent with increasing 
frequency, always using the stewardess as a courier. The cabin was ordered 
depressurized, and the gunman warned that if any pursuit planes were 
spotted he would detonate a hidden explosive device after he had jumped, 
before the plane could be landed.

The hijacker opened his luggage and covered the peephole between the 
cockpit and cabin. Observed by Second Officer Floyd Smith (fictitious 
name) through a slight space under the cockpit door, the hijacker quickly 
put on a jumpsuit, helmet, and parachute. Once he had shut off the cabin 
lights to better view the ground, the gunman demanded to be kept abreast 
of wind, ground, and air speeds; altimeter settings; and sky conditions.

After the aircraft passed over the last Utah community on his prescribed 
course, the hijacker sent no more notes. Hoping the incident was over, a 
stewardess ventured into the passenger area and determined that the gunman 
had indeed bailed out with the ransom into Utah's darkened skies. Five 
hours after the hijacking began, the weary crew headed for nearby Salt 
Lake City International Airport.

The FBI immediately searched the plane's interior for evidence upon its 
landing. Any object the hijacker may have touched was examined. An array 
of material such as seat belts, gum wrappers, cigarette butts, and a copy 
of United's passenger publication, "Mainliner Magazine," was gathered by 
Agents. One hand-printed note the hijacker neglected to take with him was 
also sent to the FBI Laboratory in Washington, D.C., for closer scrutiny.

Interviews with crew members and passengers traced the hijacker's steps 
from the moment he boarded. One stewardess recalled the subject was 
flashily dressed. Other passengers and crew remembered a passenger agent 
had entered the plane after all had boarded at Denver to locate the owner 
of an envelope left in the waiting room. The subject claimed it, went into 
the lavatory for an extended period, and finally was told by a flight 
officer to return to his seat for takeoff. The general consensus was that 
the individual had donned a wig and moustache while in the lavatory. 
However, several passengers felt that more than one person was involved. 
The notes received by the crew generally used a terminology of "we this" 
or "we that," thus giving this impression.

A search of the countryside in the vicinity of the Provo, Utah Airport was 
conducted since evidence indicated that the hijacker had bailed out in the 
area. At approximately 2:00 a.m. the next day, FBI Agents, Provo City 
Police, and the Utah County Sheriff's posse lined up some 20 to 30 yards 
apart and combed the surrounding fields.

The night dragged on with no new leads being developed. Within a few 
hours, though, area residents woke up to news of the hijacking. The Salt 
Lake City Office of the FBI received a telephone call before noon from a 
concerned citizen who said an acquaintance had outlined a "foolproof" plan 
for hijacking an airplane. The acquaintance, Richard Floyd McCoy, Jr., was 
a Vietnam veteran, a helicopter pilot, and an avid and capable skydiver. 
McCoy, 29, was reportedly a member of the Utah Air National Guard and a 
Police Science Major at Brigham Young University. In addition, McCoy was 
generally known to be having serious financial problems. 

The Department of the Army was requested to furnish samples of McCoy's 
handwriting from its records to the FBI Laboratory since the citizen, in a 
more detailed personal interview, provided additional valuable information.

McCoy was located and interviewed by FBI Agents but denied any 
participation in, or prior knowledge of, the hijacking. He freely gave the 
Agents a sample of his hand printing to be compared later with the style 
in the note the hijacker left behind. McCoy continued to claim innocence 
and was not detained.

Meanwhile, the FBI Laboratory had been busy with evidence already 
received. A handwriting expert compared the note found on the plane with 
McCoy's writing on military service records and determined that McCoy had 
written the note. Fingerprint specialists discovered that a latent print 
on the "Mainliner Magazine" found in the seat next to the hijackers's 
matched a print taken from McCoy during his service year.

Incriminating evidence mounted against McCoy. In trying to trace the steps 
the hijacker took after parachuting into the rural area surrounding Provo, 
a lead was developed. When shown McCoy's photograph an employee at a 
roadside hamburger stand said she had sold him a milkshake at about 11:30 
on the night of the crime. In addition, a teenager stated that a man 
fitting McCoy's description paid him five dollars for a ride from the 
stand to a nearby town.

On April 9, a federal complaint was filed charging McCoy with aircraft 
piracy and interfering with flight crew members. Later the same day an 
arrest warrant was obtained and McCoy was taken into custody by FBI Agents 
at his Provo home. Agents examined the accused's home under a search 
warrant and uncovered various articles of skydiving equipment, an electric 
typewriter (with key impressions matching those on the typed hijacking 
instructions), and $499,970 in U.S. currency. A federal grand jury in Salt 
Lake City indicted McCoy on April 14.

Two months later, McCoy, found to have acted alone, was tried in the U.S. 
District Court and found guilty despite his claim of innocence. He was 
subsequently sentenced to a term of 45 years. McCoy appealed the decision 
to the U.S. Supreme Court, which denied his petition on October 9, 1973.



CHAPTER 22
JAMES EDWARD TESTERMAN

On April 17, 1942, a U.S. District Judge at Abingdon, Virginia, sentenced 
Charles Joseph Lovett and James Edward Testerman to life imprisonment 
after a jury found them guilty of murdering Hubert J. Treacy, Jr., a 
Special Agent (SA) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), on March 
13, 1942. Still later on November 19, 1946, they were given additional 
sentences.

The series of events culminating in the death of SA Treacy, as well as the 
serious wounding of SA Charles L. Tignor, began on March 11, 1942. On that 
date, Lovett, 21, and Testerman, 22, who were assigned to a Machine Gun 
Troop, Third Cavalry, Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, decided to desert from the 
U.S. Army. Shortly after midnight on March 12, 1942, in accordance with 
their carefully arranged plans, Lovett and Testerman entered the room of 
Sergeant Clifton H. Hall, who was in charge of quarters, and bludgeoned 
him into unconsciousness with an iron bell on the mess hall porch. They 
then stole four .45 caliber U.S. Army Smith and Wesson revolvers and 
approximately 100 rounds of ammunition from an adjoining room.

The men escaped from the military reservation and reached a nearby 
highway. Testerman and Lovett then commandeered a taxi cab and forced the 
driver at gun point to take them from Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, to a site 
near Cleveland, Tennessee. At that location, the taxi driver was forced 
from the cab, searched, and robbed of $23, the fleeing deserters 
continuing on with the automobile. The fugitives proceeded to Sweetwater, 
Tennessee, where they abandoned the cab. Then they traveled by bus to 
Abingdon, Virginia, where they arrived late in the afternoon and spent the 
night at an inn. En route, however, they stopped at Knoxville, Tennessee, 
and purchased a handbag in which they could carry the firearms and 
ammunition without attracting attention.

In the meantime, a vigorous investigation was being conducted by the FBI. 
The Knoxville Field Office was notified of the activities of these 
soldiers on the morning of March 12, 1942, and Agents were dispatched from 
several eastern and southern field offices to apprehend the deserters, 
prosecution against them having been authorized and warrants for their 
arrests issued in connection with violations of the National Motor Vehicle 
Theft Act and the Kidnapping Statutes. Investigation developed that 
Testerman had a girl at Abingdon, Virginia, and the Richmond Field Office 
of the FBI was promptly furnished this information.

At 9:35 a.m., on March 13, 1942, SA Hubert J. Treacy, Jr., and Charles L. 
Tignor, to whom this particular phase of the investigation was assigned, 
were driving into Abingdon, Virginia, when SA Treacy observed two soldiers 
walking along the street. They resembled the descriptions of Lovett and 
Testerman. The Agents parked their car and walked into a cafe which the 
soldiers had entered a few moments before.

The suspects were sitting in a booth, and had given their orders for 
breakfast. Agents Treacy and Tignor approached the booth, identified 
themselves as Agents of the FBI, explained they were looking for two 
deserters, and asked the soldiers their identities.

Lovett, without warning, suddenly produced a .45 caliber revolver from his 
belt, and fired at SA Tignor, who was knocked to the floor and wounded in 
the right arm. In the same motion, Lovett turned the gun on SA Treacy as 
the Agent was drawing his revolver. Lovett shot him in the face, and the 
impact knocked SA Treacy to the floor. Lovett turned and fired several 
more shots at SA Tignor, who was attempting to draw his revolver with his 
left hand. Before leaving the cafe, Lovett fired again at SA Treacy, who 
was lying face down on the floor. Testerman had risen from his seat in the 
booth, and as he left the cafe he fired a shot at SA Treacy. SA Tignor 
rose from the floor of the cafe and attempted to pursue the murderers, but 
collapsed after reaching the street due to his injuries.

Both Agents were taken to an Abingdon hospital immediately. SA Hubert J. 
Treacy, Jr., was pronounced dead upon arrival at the hospital; a bullet 
entering his back caused his death. Agent Charles L. Tignor was seriously 
wounded and was confined to his hospital bed for several weeks as the 
result of receiving gun shot wounds in the chest, right arm, and left hand.

After running from the cafe, Lovett and Testerman unsuccessfully attempted 
to commandeer an automobile. They did, however, secure a second car 
belonging to a local citizen. As they approached a street intersection in 
Abingdon, a member of the local police department drove his car across the 
intersection to prevent their escape and a furious gun battle ensued. They 
fled from the scene of this encounter and took refuge in a basement of a 
house located on the outskirts of that town. While fleeing from the murder 
scene, they also shot at four women who were riding in a car in Abingdon.

The house in which the fugitives barricaded themselves was soon surrounded 
by a posse of law enforcement officers, including FBI Agents, local 
officers, and numerous other officers from surrounding communities who had 
been attending an FBI Civilian Defense School at Bristol, Virginia. Many 
shots were exchanged in the ensuing gun battle with the fugitives. 
Testerman and Lovett, before their capture with the aid of tear gas, 
threatened and cursed the officers in loud voices on numerous occasions. 
After a sufficient amount of tear gas had entered the basement, however, 
the two fugitives threw down their guns and walked out with their hands in 
the air.

A federal grand jury at Harrisonburg, Virginia, returned a true bill of 
indictment on March 19, 1942, charging Testerman and Lovett with the 
murder of SA Treacy in violation of Sections 253 and 452, Title 18, U.S. 
Code, Annotated. The trial of the case began in the U.S. District Court at 
Abingdon, Virginia, on April 15, 1942. On April 17, 1942, the deserters 
were found guilty of murder in the first degree. Upon the recommendation 
of the jury that capital punishment not be imposed, both individuals were 
sentenced to life imprisonment in a U.S. penitentiary.

In addition to that prosecutive action, on April 28, 1942, a federal grand 
jury at Chattanooga, Tennessee, returned indictments charging Lovett and 
Testerman with violating the Kidnapping Statutes, as well as the National 
Motor Vehicle Theft Act. Also, on May 18, 1942, at Rome, Georgia, a 
Federal Grand Jury indicted these felons in connection with three other 
violations. The latter indictments were stricken from the docket with 
leave to reinstate, while certified copies of the former were filed as 
detainers against the possible release of Lovett and Testerman. Inasmuch 
as Lovett and Testerman, although sentenced to life imprisonment, would 
become eligible for parole at the expiration of 15 years, it was decided 
to try them on the federal indictments returned at Rome, Georgia, May 18, 
1942.

Immediate trial was prevented because of the overseas service of many 
material witnesses. On November 19, 1946, therefore, a federal judge at 
Rome accepted their pleas of guilty to the three indictments charging: 1) 
Assault on a Government Reservation; 2) Robbery of Personal Property, U.S. 
Government; and 3) Interstate Transportation of Stolen Government 
Firearms. The judge imposed a ten-year sentence on the first indictment 
and two years, each, on the other two. The latter two sentences were 
ordered to run concurrently. The judge ruled that the 12-year sentence 
imposed should become effective upon expiration or legal release from the 
sentence of life imposed upon them in 1942.

During his early youth in Philadelphia, Charles J. Lovett ran away from 
home frequently and was often involved in petty thievery. He enlisted in 
the Army on June 19, 1939, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was assigned 
to a Machine Gun Troop, Third Cavalry, Fort Myer, Virginia. His record 
with the Army was spotted with trouble. Lovett had received two court 
martials, one for being absent without leave, and the other for reporting 
for drill while intoxicated. On both occasions he was fined and sentenced 
to hard labor.

James E. Testerman enlisted in the Army on October 17, 1949, at Richmond, 
Virginia. He, too, was assigned to a Machine Gun Troop, Third Cavalry, 
Fort Myer, Virginia. Like Lovett, Testerman had also been in trouble with 
his superiors. In May, 1941, he was absent without leave. The deserter was 
returned to Fort Myer, October, 1941, and convicted by court martial, 
fined, and sentenced to hard labor for several months.

Hubert J. Treacy, Jr., entered FBI service on April 1, 1941. He was born 
in New York City on January 13, 1913, and attended St. Mary's Star-of-the-
Sea School, Far Rockaway, New York, and St. Francis Xavier High School in 
New York City. He attended Fordham College for one semester in 1932, and 
then transferred to Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. He studied 
there from September, 1932, until June, 1935, and graduated with an A.B. 
Degree. He attended St. John's University Law School, Brooklyn, New York, 
from 1935 to 1939, receiving his LL.B. Degree and then attended the 
graduate school for one year. Prior to entering the Bureau's service he 
was employed by the Bethlehem Steel Company.

Mr. Treacy was a member of the Knights of Columbus, Friendly Sons of Saint 
Patrick of New York, American-Irish Historical Society, and Quartermaster 
Association. He was survived by his widow, his mother, and two sisters.



CHAPTER 23
THE WEINBERGER KIDNAPPING

It was -- at least for residents of Long Island, New York -- the "crime of 
the century" when one-month-old Peter Weinberger was kidnapped from his 
suburban home on July 4, 1956. Certainly the fallout from the incident 
reached national proportions. This child was not from a well-to-do family, 
like the Lindberghs. This child came from a middle class family in 
suburbia -- where people weren't afraid of being targeted by 
extortionists. The Weinberger kidnapping struck fear in the hearts of 
average Americans. People started locking their doors. Almost overnight, 
an entire country lost its sense of security.

The Weinberger case also resulted in new legislation -- signed by 
President Eisenhower -- that reduced the FBI's waiting period in 
kidnapping cases from 7 days to 24 hours.*

It all started...
On that particular July 4th in 1956, Betty Weinberger wrapped her month-
old son Peter in a receiving blanket and placed him in his carriage on the 
patio of their home in Westbury, NY. She then went inside for a few 
minutes while he slept.

When Mrs. Weinberger came back to check on her son, all she found was an 
empty carriage and a ransom note. In the note, the kidnapper apologized 
for his actions but said he needed money and asked for $2,000. He promised 
the baby would be returned "safe and happy" the following day if his 
demand was met. Despite the kidnapper's threat to kill the baby at the 
"first wrong move," she called the Nassau County Police Department.


Parents Ask For Media Blackout

After the kidnapping, Morris Weinberger requested that the newspapers hold 
off printing the story of his son's kidnapping. All but one newspaper 
granted Mr. Weinberger's request -- the kidnapping made the front page of 
the New York Daily News. By the following day, news reporters swarmed the 
drop-off area where the kidnapper requested the money be left. Police left 
the phony ransom package at the spot, but the kidnapper never showed up.


The Second Attempt To Collect

On July 10th, six days after the kidnapping, the kidnapper called the 
Weinberger home -- two separate times -- with additional instructions on 
where to take the money. He didn't show up at either location. At the 
second drop site, police searched a blue cloth bag found alongside a curb. 
Inside the bag was a handwritten note -- apparently from the kidnapper -- 
telling the parents where to find the baby "if everything goes smooth."

The note was examined by experts who agreed that the original ransom note 
and the second note were written by the same person.


The FBI Gets Down To Work

On July 11th, after the required seven-day waiting period, the FBI entered 
the case. Its first step was to establish a temporary headquarters for its 
employees from the NY Office -- agent and support -- in Mineola, Long 
Island. The temporary headquarters -- which operated 24 hours a day -- was 
under the personal direction of the Special Agent in Charge of the NY 
Office.

The only evidence officials had -- up until then -- were the ransom notes. 
Handwriting experts from the FBI Laboratory in Washington, DC, traveled to 
New York and gave Special Agents a crash course in handwriting analysis. 
These newly trained investigators began the task of examining the huge 
volume of handwriting specimens maintained by the New York State Motor 
Vehicle Bureau, federal and state probation offices, schools, aircraft 
plants, and various municipalities.

After examining and eliminating almost two million samples, the search 
ended on August 22, 1956. An agent at the U.S. Probation Office in 
Brooklyn noted a similarity between the ransom notes and writing in the 
probation file of one Angelo LaMarca. LaMarca had been arrested by the 
Treasury Department for bootlegging.

As investigators soon learned, LaMarca was a taxi dispatcher and truck 
driver who lived with his wife and two children in Plainview, NY. He lived 
in a house he couldn't afford, had many unpaid bills, and was being 
threatened by a loan shark. On July 4, 1956, he had found himself driving 
around Westbury, seven miles away, trying to figure out how to get the 
money he needed.

When he happened on the Weinberger house, Mrs. Weinberger was leaving her 
son in the baby carriage to go into her house. On impulse, LaMarca 
scribbled a ransom note in his truck, snatched Peter, and drove off.


The Arrest, And A Tragic Discovery

On August 23, 1956, LaMarca was arrested at his home by FBI Agents and 
Nassau County police. Although he first denied any involvement in the 
kidnapping of Peter Weinberger, he confessed when confronted with the 
handwriting comparisons.

LaMarca told investigators he went to the first drop site the day after 
the kidnapping - with the baby in the car -- but he was scared away by all 
of the press and police in the area. He drove away, abandoned the baby 
alive in some heavy brush just off a highway exit, and went home.

A search of the area by FBI Agents and Nassau County Police ensued. An FBI 
Agent spotted a diaper pin -- then the decomposed remains of Peter 
Weinberger. The heart-rending search was over.


In The End

Since LaMarca had crossed no state lines, he had not violated the federal 
kidnapping statute -- and so he was turned over to Nassau County 
authorities for state prosecution. In late 1956, he was tried and 
convicted by a jury on kidnapping and murder charges. The jury returned 
its verdict without a recommendation of leniency. On December 14, 1956, he 
was sentenced to death.

After a number of legal appeals -- including one to the Supreme Court -- 
Angelo LaMarca was executed at Sing Sing Prison on August 7, 1958.

* Last October, the "Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act of 
1998" was signed into law. A provision of that law gave federal officials 
the authority to enter a kidnapping investigation before the 24-hour 
waiting period ended.



CHAPTER 24
THE WEYERHAEUSER KIDNAPPING

On May 24, 1935, George Weyerhaeuser, the nine-year old son of prominent 
lumberman J.P. Weyerhaeuser of Tacoma, Washington, disappeared on his way 
home from school. Although the students at Lowell School, which he 
attended, were released for lunch earlier than usual, George followed his 
regular practice of immediately walking to the nearby Annie Wright 
Seminary to meet his sister Ann. The family's chauffeur generally met 
George and Ann at the Seminary to drive them home for lunch at noon. 
Arriving at the Seminary 10 or 15 minutes early that day, George 
apparently decided to walk home rather than wait for his sister. But 
George never reached home that day; somewhere between the Seminary and his 
house, George Weyerhaeuser was kidnapped.

When the Weyerhaeuser family realized that George was missing, they 
searched for him and notified the police department of his disappearance. 
That evening, a special delivery letter, addressed "To Whom It May
Concern," arrived at the Weyerhaeuser home. It listed a series of demands, 
including the payment of $200,000 ransom in unmarked twenty-, ten-, and 
five-dollar bills in exchange for the boy. George's signature appeared on 
the back of the envelope in which the letter arrived.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Portland, Oregon, Field Office 
was advised of the facts in this case, and Special Agents were sent to 
Tacoma, Washington, to investigate. Adhering to the kidnappers' 
instructions, an advertisement, signed "Percy Minnie," was placed in the 
personal column of the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" to indicate that the 
Weyerhaeusers would comply with the kidnappers demands. Similar messages 
were placed in the same newspaper on May 27 and May 29, 1935.

Mr. Weyerhaeuser received a letter from the kidnappers on May 29, 1935. He 
was instructed to register at the Ambassador Hotel in Seattle, Washington, 
as James Paul Jones and to await further contact. Also enclosed with the 
kidnappers' letter was a short note from George, stating that he was safe. 
Mr. Weyerhaeuser followed instructions, and at ten that night, a taxicab 
driver delivered another letter to him at the hotel.

Complying with directions given in the note, Weyerhaeuser drove to a 
designated point, where he found two sticks driven into the ground with a 
piece of white cloth attached. There he found a message directing him to 
another signal cloth further down the road. However, when he reached the 
second signal cloth, he found no message. He waited there for two hours 
before returning to the hotel.

On the morning of May 30, 1935, an anonymous party telephoned Mr. 
Weyerhaeuser, saying that he had not followed orders the previous night. 
George's father assured the caller that he wanted to cooperate but that he 
could not find the last note.

At 9:45 that night, a man with a European accent telephoned Mr. 
Weyerhaeuser and advised him to proceed to an address where he would find 
a note in a tin can. Thereafter, he proceeded from one point to another, 
following directions he found at each place.

On a dirt road off the main highway between Seattle and Tacoma, he found a 
flag and another note advising him to wait for five minutes with the dome 
light of his car burning and then to go to another white sign on the same 
road. The note he found there told him to leave his car and walk back 
toward Seattle. If the money was in order, George would be released within 
30 hours.

Mr. Weyerhaeuser had walked about 100 yards when he heard a loud noise 
from the bushes. A man ran out, got in the car and drove away with the 
$200,000 ransom money.

Young George Weyerhaeuser was released at a shack near Issaquah, 
Washington, on the morning of June 1, 1935.

George revealed that when he left Annie Wright Seminary on May 24, 1935, 
he took a shortcut through some tennis courts. As he left the tennis 
courts, he met a man of about 40 with brown hair and a moustache who asked 
for directions. When George responded, the man picked him up and carried 
him to a sedan which was parked across the street.

The child noticed that a second man was sitting in the front seat of the 
car. George was put in the back seat and a blanket was thrown over him. He 
was driven around for over an hour, during which time he heard the men 
conversing in whispers.

The men stopped the car by the side of a road and removed the blanket 
covering George. He was given an envelope and told to write his name in 
pencil on the back of it. He was then blindfolded and carried ten or 
twelve steps, where he said the man must have waded across a stream 
because he heard rushing water. On the other side of the stream, he was 
placed on the ground and led by the hand over the countryside for about 
one-half or three-quarters of a mile. The boy noticed that the area was 
covered with bushes or trees, which he frequently brushed against, and 
that the ground was very uneven.

They arrived at a point by a large log, and the man who was leading George 
put him into a hole which had been dug in the ground. George, whose 
blindfold had been removed, estimated the hole to be about four square 
feet. After chaining the boy's right wrist and leg, his two captors placed 
a board over the hole, completely covering it. The men took turns guarding 
him until about ten that night, when one of them said that the police 
might find the hole.

The boy was carried back to the car and placed in the trunk, where he rode 
for about an hour. He was taken from the car and led through the woods 
again. Reaching their destination, his kidnappers dug another hole while 
George waited by a tree. George was placed into this hole, along with a 
seat from the car and two blankets, and the hole was covered with tar 
paper. Subsequent examinations of this hole revealed the presence of 
lizards and spiders which could have endangered the child's health.

Investigation determined that on May 26, 1935, the two men, accompanied by 
a woman, put George in the trunk of a Ford and drove through Washington 
into Idaho. Having passed through Blanchard, Idaho, they followed the 
highway until they turned at a point on the mountain. During the early 
morning, the boy was taken from the car and handcuffed to a tree, where he 
was guarded until nightfall.

His abductors then took him to a house and put him in a large closet with 
a mattress, two chairs and a small white table. On the evening of Friday, 
May 31, 1935, George was told that they were leaving this house. He 
noticed a watch on the table indicating it was 5:55. The two men, who 
addressed each other as "Bill" and "Harry," went upstairs. George did not 
try to run away because the men had told him that he would be going home 
soon.

Again, George was placed in the car's trunk and taken to a little shack 
near Issaquah, Washington. At about 3:30 the following morning, his 
captors left, telling him that his father would come to take him home. 
George wandered into a farmhouse and announced his identity. The family 
took him in, washed him, gave him clean clothes, and drove him to Tacoma, 
Washington, in their car.

When the FBI started investigating this case, every precaution was taken 
to ensure the safe return of the victim. During the period of negotiation, 
Special Agents conducted the investigation quietly. Serial numbers of the 
ransom bills were sent to FBI Headquarters in Washington, D.C., where 
ransom lists were prepared. Immediately after the kidnappers received the 
money, these lists were sent to all of the Bureau's field offices for 
distribution to commercial enterprises, including banks, hotels and 
railway companies.

On June 2, 1935, a $20 ransom bill was tendered in payment of a railway 
ticket from Huntington, Oregon, to Salt Lake City, Utah. Investigation by 
FBI Agents determined the purchaser to be Harmon Metz Waley.

Shortly thereafter, many ransom bills appeared in discount stores in Salt 
Lake City, Utah. Due to the limited number of Special Agents available 
there, police officers were placed in each downtown discount store, and 
each store was furnished a copy of the ransom list. As a result, on June 
8, 1935, a police detective stationed at a Woolworth store was notified by 
a cashier that a woman had presented one of the ransom bills. The 
detective took the woman, who proved to be Margaret E. Waley, wife of 
Harmon Waley, to the FBI's Salt Lake City Field Office.

Upon her arrival at the field office, another ransom bill was discovered 
in her pocketbook. Although she told a number of conflicting stories, her 
correct home address was obtained.

Later that day, Harmon Metz Waley was arrested at home. After making 
several false statements, he confessed that he and William Dainard, whom 
he had met in the Idaho State Penitentiary, had kidnapped the boy. He 
added that his wife had no knowledge of the kidnapping until their arrival 
in Spokane, Washington. She had been at the hideout house and helped them 
negotiate the ransom.

Approximately $3,700 of the ransom money was found to have been burned in 
the Waleys' stove. The ashes were sent to the FBI Laboratory in 
Washington, D.C., where it was determined that a sufficient number of the 
bills remained to positively identify them.

Waley claimed that he and Dainard planned to split the money evenly, but 
that Dainard cheated him out of $5,000. After further questioning at the 
field office, Waley said that he bought a Ford Roadster, which he 
registered as Herman Von Metz, when he arrived in Salt Lake City. Under a 
clump of trees or bushes, he had buried $90,790, which Special Agents 
recovered on June 11, 1935.

Learning that Waley arranged to meet Dainard at the home of Margaret 
Waley's parents, Agents proceeded to that house. Her grandfather advised 
that a man answering Dainard's description had come to the house asking 
for the Waleys. The grandfather told him that the Waleys had been there 
earlier to pick up their suitcase but they returned to Salt Lake City and 
had been arrested. The man exclaimed, "My God, did they get everything 
they had?" before returning to his car and driving off.

Physical evidence found in the hideout, the holes and the kidnappers' 
homes was examined by personnel of the FBI Laboratory. Fingerprint 
identification positively linked the Waleys and Dainard to the shack where 
the ransom had been divided. Also, Harmon Waley's fingerprints appeared on 
the cans in which notes for Mr. Weyerhaeuser were placed, and a 
fingerprint identified as Margaret Waley's was found at the hideout.

On June 19, 1935, the Federal Grand Jury, Tacoma, Washington, returned an 
indictment charging William Dainard, Harmon Metz Waley and Margaret E. 
Waley with kidnapping and conspiracy to kidnap.

Harmon Waley entered a plea of guilty on June 21, 1935, and was sentenced 
to serve concurrent prison terms of 45 years on charge of kidnapping and 2 
years on charge of conspiring to kidnap. He was sent to the United States 
Penitentiary, McNeil Island, Washington. Waley later was transferred to 
the United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island, California.

On June 22, 1935, Margaret Waley pleaded not guilty to both charges. She 
was brought to trial in United States District Court, Tacoma, Washington, 
on July 5, 1935. Four days later, she was sentenced to serve two 
concurrent 20-year terms in the United States Detention Farm, Milan, 
Michigan.

After William Dainard had spoken with Mrs. Waley's grandfather, he 
proceeded to Butte, Montana. On June 9, 1935, he was recognized by a 
police officer who attempted to apprehend him. Dainard eluded the officer, 
and later his car was found to have been abandoned, along with $15,155 in 
ransom money.

An Identification Order, which included Dainard's photograph, 
fingerprints, handwriting specimen, and background information, was 
prepared, and copies were distributed throughout the United States. In 
response to information received that Dainard may have gone to either 
Mexico or Australia, copies of the Identification Order also were 
furnished to police agencies in both countries.

In early 1936, bills with altered serial numbers began to surface in the 
western part of the country. The FBI Laboratory's examination of these 
bills revealed the true serial numbers to be identical with those of 
ransom bills. Banks were advised to be alert to any person presenting 
altered currency for exchange.

On May 6, 1936, employees of two different Los Angeles, California, banks 
reported that a man had exchanged altered bills at each bank. His license 
number, obtained by personnel of both banks, was issued to a Bert E. Cole. 
A surveillance was maintained at the address listed for that license 
number. On the morning of May 7, 1936, Special Agents assigned to the 
FBI's San Francisco Field Office were instructed to search that 
neighborhood. Two Agents found a Ford bearing the reported license number 
in a parking lot enclosed by a wire fence.

Later, a man entered the car and attempted to start it. When it failed to 
start, he got out of the car and lifted the hood. Agents approached the 
man, who was readily identified as being Dainard. He submitted to arrest 
without resistance, and a .45 caliber Colt automatic pistol was removed 
from his person.

When questioned, Dainard admitted his participation in the kidnapping. At 
the time of his arrest, Agents recovered $37,374.47 in ransom money and 
bills that Dainard admitted he had received in exchange for ransom money. 
Special Agents also recovered $14,000 in $100 bills that Dainard had 
buried in Utah. In addition, various dyes and other paraphernalia used to 
change serial numbers on paper currency were found in the garage of his 
Los Angeles, California, home.

Dainard was removed to Tacoma, Washington, where he entered a guilty plea 
in the United States District Court on May 9, 1936. He was sentenced to 
serve two concurrent 60-year prison terms for kidnapping and conspiring to 
kidnap. That same day, he was sent to the United States Penitentiary, 
McNeil Island, Washington. Upon his subsequent transfer to the United 
States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, Kansas, prison authorities determined 
Dainard to be insane and recommended that he be confined to a hospital.

Further investigation by the FBI revealed that Edward Fliss, an associate 
of Dainard's, had assisted him in exchanging the ransom money. Fliss was 
locate at the Delmar Hotel, San Francisco, California, where he was 
arrested by FBI Agents. He offered no resistance and admitted to helping 
Dainard dispose of the ransom money.

Fliss was removed to Seattle, Washington, where an indictment was returned 
on November 10, 1936, charging him with assisting in the disposition of 
ransom money. He entered a plea of guilty and was sentenced to serve ten 
years in prison and to pay a fine of $5,000.

The participants in this kidnapping were sentenced to actual prison terms 
aggregating 135 years. During the course of the investigation, Special 
Agents of the FBI recovered a total of $157,319.47 in ransom money and 
cash received in exchange for ransom money.

Harmon Metz Waley was the last of the kidnappers to be released from 
custody. He was paroled from the United States Penitentiary, McNeil 
Island, Washington, on June 3, 1963, at the age of 52.

The victim of this kidnapping, George Weyerhaeuser, ultimately became the 
Chairman of the Board for the Weyerhaeuser Company.



PART V. ESPIONAGE

CHAPTER 25
ROBERT PHILIP HANSSEN ESPIONAGE CASE

For Immediate Release
February 20, 2001 
Washington D.C.
FBI National Press Office 

Attorney General John Ashcroft, FBI Director Louis J. Freeh and United 
States Attorney Helen Fahey announced today that a veteran FBI 
counterintelligence Agent was arrested Sunday by the FBI and charged with 
committing espionage by providing highly classified national security 
information to Russia and the former Soviet Union.

At the time of the arrest at a park in Vienna, Virginia, Robert Philip 
Hanssen, age 56, was clandestinely placing a package containing highly 
classified information at a pre-arranged, or "dead drop," site for pick-up 
by his Russian handlers. Hanssen had previously received substantial sums 
of money from the Russians for the information he disclosed to them.

FBI Director Louis J. Freeh expressed both outrage and sadness. He said 
the charges, if proven, represent "the most serious violations of law -- 
and threat to national security."

"A betrayal of trust by an FBI Agent, who is not only sworn to enforce the 
law but specifically to help protect our nation's security, is 
particularly abhorrent. This kind of criminal conduct represents the most 
traitorous action imaginable against a country governed by the Rule of 
Law. It also strikes at the heart of everything the FBI represents -- the 
commitment of over 28,000 honest and dedicated men and women in the FBI 
who work diligently to earn the trust and confidence of the American 
people every day."

"These kinds of cases are the most difficult, sensitive and sophisticated 
imaginable. I am immensely proud of the men and women of the FBI who 
conducted this investigation. Their actions represent counterintelligence 
at its very best, reflecting dedication to both principle and mission. It 
is not an easy assignment to investigate a colleague, but they did so 
unhesitatingly, quietly and securely."

Hanssen was charged in a criminal complaint filed in Federal court in 
Alexandria, Virginia, with espionage and conspiracy to commit espionage, 
violations that carry a possible punishment of life in prison, and under 
certain circumstances, the death penalty. Following the arrest, FBI Agents 
began searching Hanssen's residence, automobiles and workspace for 
additional evidence.

A detailed affidavit, filed in support of the criminal complaint and 
search warrants, provides a troubling account of how Hanssen first 
volunteered to furnish highly sensitive documents to KGB intelligence 
officers assigned to the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C. The affidavit 
chronicles the systematic transfer of highly classified national security 
and counterintelligence information by Hanssen in exchange for diamonds 
and cash worth more than $600,000. Hanssen's activities also have links to 
other, earlier espionage and national security investigations including 
the Aldrich Ames and Felix Bloch cases, according to the affidavit.

The affidavit alleges that on over 20 separate occasions, Hanssen 
clandestinely left packages for the KGB, and its successor agency, the 
SVR, at dead drop sites in the Washington area. He also provided over two 
dozen computer diskettes containing additional disclosures of information. 
Overall, Hanssen gave the KGB/SVR more than 6,000 pages of valuable 
documentary material, according to the affidavit.

The affidavit alleges that Hanssen compromised numerous human sources of 
the U.S. Intelligence Community, dozens of classified U.S. Government 
documents, including "Top Secret" and "codeword" documents, and technical 
operations of extraordinary importance and value. It also alleges that 
Hanssen compromised FBI counterintelligence investigative techniques, 
sources, methods and operations, and disclosed to the KGB the FBI's secret 
investigation of Felix Bloch, a foreign service officer, for espionage.

Freeh said that although no formal damage assessment could be conducted 
before the arrest without jeopardizing the investigation, it is believed 
that the damage will be exceptionally grave.

During the time of his alleged illegal activities, Hanssen was assigned to 
New York and Washington, D.C., where he held key counterintelligence 
positions. As a result of his assignments, Hanssen had direct and 
legitimate access to voluminous information about sensitive programs and 
operations. As the complaint alleges, Hanssen effectively used his 
training, expertise and experience as a counterintelligence Agent to avoid 
detection, to include keeping his identity and place of employment from 
his Russian handlers and avoiding all the customary "tradecraft" and 
travel usually associated with espionage. The turning point in this 
investigation came when the FBI was able to secure original Russian 
documentation of an American spy who appeared to the FBI to be Hanssen, 
which subsequent investigation confirmed.

Freeh said the investigation that led to the charges is a direct result of 
the combined and continuing FBI/CIA effort ongoing for many years to 
identify additional foreign penetrations of the U.S. intelligence 
community. The investigation of Hanssen was conducted by the FBI with 
direct assistance from the CIA, Department of State and the Justice 
Department, and represents an aggressive and creative effort which led to 
this counterintelligence success. Freeh said, "We appreciate the 
unhesitating leadership and support of Attorney General John Ashcroft from 
the moment he took office."

Freeh also expressed his gratitude to Helen Fahey, United States Attorney 
for the Eastern District of Virginia, Assistant United States Attorney 
Randy Bellows, and senior Justice Department officials Robert Mueller, 
Frances Fragos Townsend, John Dion and Laura Ingersoll for their 
contributions to the case.

United States Attorney Fahey said, "In the past decade, it has been our 
unfortunate duty to prosecute a number of espionage cases -- Ames, Pitts, 
Nicholson, Squillacote, Kim, Boone, and others. With each case, we hope it 
will be the last. Today, however with the arrest of Robert Hanssen, we 
begin again the process of bringing to justice a U.S. Government official 
charged with the most egregious violations of the public trust. The full 
resources of the Department of Justice will be devoted to ensuring that 
those persons who would betray their country and the people of the United 
States are prosecuted and severely punished."

"I want to express my appreciation for the outstanding work done by the 
National Security Division and the Washington Field Office of the FBI in 
this investigation. Their superlative work in this extraordinarily 
sensitive and important investigation is testament to their 
professionalism and dedication. We also express our deep appreciation for 
the outstanding assistance provided by the Internal Security Section of 
the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice."

Freeh and CIA Director George Tenet kept the Intelligence Committees of 
Congress, because of the clear national security and foreign policy 
implications, informed about the case.

As a result of Hanssen's actions, Freeh has ordered a comprehensive review 
of information and personnel security programs in the FBI. Former FBI 
Director and Director of Central Intelligence William H. Webster will lead 
the review. Webster, currently in private law practice, brings a "unique 
experience and background in government management and counterintelligence,
" Freeh said. "Moreover, the respect he enjoys throughout the intelligence 
community and elsewhere in government is second to none. Judge Webster 
will have complete access and whatever resources that are necessary to 
complete the task and will report directly to Attorney General Ashcroft 
and me. I will share his report with the National Security Council and 
then Congress as well," Freeh said.


Statement of FBI Director Louis J. Freeh On the Arrest of FBI Special 
Agent Robert Philip Hanssen

For Immediate Release
February 20, 2001 
Washington D.C.
FBI National Press Office 

Sunday night the FBI arrested Robert Philip Hanssen who has been charged 
with committing espionage. Hanssen is a Special Agent of the FBI with a 
long career in counterintelligence.

The investigation that led to these charges is the direct result of the 
longstanding FBI/CIA efforts, ongoing since the Aldrich Ames case, to 
identify additional foreign penetrations of the United States Intelligence 
Community. The investigation of Hanssen was conducted by the FBI in 
partnership with the CIA, the Department of State, and, of course, the 
Justice Department.

The complaint alleges that Hanssen conspired to and did commit espionage 
for Russia and the former Soviet Union. The actions alleged date back as 
far as 1985 and, with the possible exception of several years in the 
1990s, continued until his arrest on Sunday. He was arrested while in the 
process of using a "dead drop" to clandestinely provide numerous 
classified documents to his Russian handler.

It is alleged that Hanssen provided to the former Soviet Union and 
subsequently to Russia substantial volumes of highly classified 
information that he acquired during the course of his job responsibilities 
in counterintelligence. In return, he received large sums of money and 
other remuneration. The complaint alleges that he received over $600,000.

The full extent of the damage done is yet unknown because no accurate 
damage assessment could be conducted without jeopardizing the 
investigation. We believe it was exceptionally grave.

The criminal conduct alleged represents the most traitorous actions 
imaginable against a country governed by the Rule of Law. As difficult as 
this moment is for the FBI and for the country, I am immensely proud of 
the men and women who conducted this investigation. Their actions 
represent counterintelligence at its very best and under the most 
difficult and sensitive of circumstances. Literally, Hanssen's colleagues 
and coworkers at the FBI conducted this investigation and did so quietly, 
securely and without hesitation. Much of what these men and women did 
remains undisclosed but their success and that of their CIA counterparts 
represents unparalleled expertise and dedication to both principle and 
mission.

The complaint alleges that Hanssen, using the code name "Ramon," engaged 
in espionage by providing highly classified information to the KGB and its 
successor agency, the SVR, using encrypted communications, dead drops, and 
other clandestine techniques. The information he is alleged to have 
provided compromised numerous human sources, technical operations, 
counterintelligence techniques, sources and methods, and investigations, 
including the Felix Bloch investigation.

The affidavit alleges that Hanssen voluntarily became an agent of the KGB 
in 1985 while assigned to the intelligence division at the FBI field 
office in New York City as supervisor of a foreign counterintelligence 
squad. Hanssen allegedly began spying for the Soviets in 1985 when, in his 
first letter to the KGB, he volunteered information that compromised 
several sensitive techniques. He also independently disclosed the identity 
of two KGB officials who, first compromised by Aldrich Ames, had been 
recruited by the U.S. Government to serve as "agents in place" at the 
Soviet Embassy in Washington. When these two KGB officials returned to 
Moscow, they were tried and convicted on espionage charges and executed.

Hanssen subsequently was assigned to a variety of national security posts 
that legitimately provided him access to classified information relating 
to the former Soviet Union and Russia. As a result of these assignments 
within the FBI, Hanssen gained access to some of the most sensitive and 
highly classified information in the United States Government. To be very 
clear on this issue, at no time was he authorized to communicate 
information to agents of the KGB/SVR. Nor can there be any doubt that he 
was keenly aware of the gravity of his traitorous actions. He later wrote 
to his KGB handler, speaking about the severity with which U.S. laws 
punishes his alleged actions, and acknowledging "...I know far better than 
most what minefields are laid and the risks."

Hanssen was detailed to the Office of Foreign Missions at the Department 
of State from 1995 to 2000. The complaint, however, does not allege any 
compromises by him at the State Department. In one letter to his Russian 
handlers, Hanssen complains about lost opportunities to alert them that 
the FBI had discovered the microphone hidden at the State Department, 
known then by the FBI but apparently not by Hanssen as being monitored by 
a Russian intelligence officer. In this assignment, however, Hanssen did 
continue to have access to sensitive FBI information as he remained 
assigned to the FBI's National Security Division and routinely dealt with 
sensitive and classified matters.

For many years, the CIA and FBI have been aggressively engaged in a 
sustained analytical effort to identify foreign penetrations of the 
Intelligence Community. That effort is complemented by substantial FBI 
proactive investigation of foreign service intelligence officers here and 
by the critical work done by the CIA. Because of these coordinated 
efforts, the FBI was able to secure original Russian documentation of an 
American spy who appeared to the FBI to be Hanssen -- a premise that was 
soon to be confirmed when Hanssen was identified by the FBI as having 
clandestinely communicated with Russian intelligence officers.

As alleged in the complaint, computer forensic analysis, substantial 
covert surveillance, court authorized searches and other sensitive 
techniques revealed that Hanssen has routinely accessed FBI records and 
clandestinely provided those records and other classified information to 
Russian intelligence officers. As alleged, he did so using a variety of 
sophisticated means of communication, encryption, and dead drops.

Further, the complaint alleges that Hanssen, using his training and 
experience to protect himself from discovery by the FBI, never met face-to-
face with his Russian handlers, never revealed to them his true identity 
or where he worked, constantly checked FBI records for signs he and the 
drop sites he was using were being investigated, refused any foreign 
travel to meet with the Russians, and even declined to accept any "trade 
craft." Hanssen never displayed outward signs that he was receiving large 
amounts of unexplained cash. He was, after all, a trained 
counterintelligence specialist. For these reasons, the FBI learned of his 
true identity before the Russians; they are learning of it only now. Even 
without knowing who he was or where he worked, Hanssen's value to the 
Russians was clear both by the substantial sums of money paid and the 
prestigious awards given to their own agents for Hanssen's operation.

While this arrest represents a counterintelligence investigative success, 
the complaint alleges that Hanssen located and removed undetected from the 
FBI substantial quantities of information that he was able to access as a 
result of his assignments. None of the internal information or personnel 
security measures in place alerted those charged with internal security to 
his activities. In short, the trusted insider betrayed his trust without 
detection.

While the risk that an employee of the United States Government will 
betray his country can never be eliminated, there must be more that the 
FBI can do to protect itself from such an occurrence. I have asked Judge 
William H. Webster, and he has graciously agreed, to examine thoroughly 
the internal security functions and procedures of the FBI and recommend 
improvements. Judge Webster is uniquely qualified as a former FBI 
Director, CIA Director and Director of Central Intelligence to undertake 
this review. This is particularly timely as we move to the next generation 
of automation to support the FBI's information infrastructure. Judge 
Webster and anyone he selects to assist him will have complete access and 
whatever resources are necessary to complete this task. He will report 
directly to the Attorney General and me and we will share his report with 
the National Security Council and Congress. I intend to act swiftly on his 
recommendations.

Before concluding, I would like to take this opportunity to thank Director 
of Central Intelligence George Tenet for the cooperation and assistance of 
his agency in this investigation. Through our cooperative efforts, the FBI 
and CIA were able to learn the true identity of "Ramon" and the FBI was 
able to conduct a solid investigation. Our joint efforts over the last 
several years and specifically in this case should give pause to those 
contemplating betrayal of the Nation's trust. Without the current 
unprecedented level of trust and cooperation between the CIA and FBI, 
making this case would not have been possible. Nor would many other 
intelligence and counterintelligence accomplishments that routinely but 
quietly contribute to the security of this Nation.

Through Attorney General John Ashcroft, I would like to thank the 
Department of Justice and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern 
District of Virginia. The level of support and expertise from Acting 
Deputy Attorney General Robert Mueller, Counsel for Intelligence Policy 
Frances Fragos Townsend, U.S. Attorney Helen Fahey and Assistant United 
States Attorney Randy Bellows is superb. We particularly appreciate the 
unhesitating leadership and support of Attorney General Ashcroft from the 
moment he took office.

Director Tenet and I have briefed the intelligence committees of Congress 
because of the clear national security implications.

As Director of the FBI, I am proud of the courageous men and women of the 
FBI who each day make enormous sacrifices in serving their country. They 
have committed their lives to public service and to upholding the high 
standards of the FBI. Since becoming Director over seven years ago, I have 
administered the FBI oath to each graduating class of Special Agents at 
the FBI Academy. Each time, I share the pride and sanctity of those words 
when new agents swear to "support and defend the Constitution of the 
United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic" and to "bear true 
faith and allegiance to the same."

Regrettably, I stand here today both saddened and outraged. An FBI Agent 
who raised his right hand and spoke those words over 25 years ago has been 
charged today with violating that oath in the most egregious and 
reprehensible manner imaginable. The FBI entrusted him with some of the 
most sensitive secrets of the United States Government and instead of 
being humbled by this honor, Hanssen has allegedly abused and betrayed 
that trust. The crimes alleged are an affront not only to his fellow FBI 
employees but to the American people, not to mention the pain and 
suffering he has brought upon his family. Our hearts go out to them. I 
take solace and satisfaction, however, that the FBI succeeded in this 
investigation. As an agency, we lived up to our responsibility, regardless 
of how painful it might be.



CHAPTER 26
MAKSIM MARTYNOV
   
In the Summer of 1954, a Soviet Air Force officer invited a United States 
Colonel -- whom he knew through official contacts -- to lunch with him at 
his quarters in East Berlin. The Soviet, who knew the American planned to 
retire from the Army, indicated that he wanted to have a private 
conversation with him. On the designated date, in August, the two men met 
by prearrangement in front of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in East 
Berlin. It was raining slightly. The Colonel entered the Soviet's car, 
which was standing on a side street. The two then drove off to the 
Soviet's quarters. The United States officer told the Soviet that he had 
instructed his driver to return to the spot in front of the Tomb of the 
Unknown Soldier in an hour and a quarter. The Soviet replied that would 
not be long enough, but the American assured him that his driver would 
wait. 

The house to which the Soviet brought the Colonel was unoccupied. The two 
men sat down for lunch. There was a knock at the front door. A newcomer, 
dressed in civilian clothes, was introduced to the Colonel. He 
acknowledged the introduction by saying, "Hello, Colonel, how are you?" in 
American English. This Soviet civilian stated he had been in New York 
during the war and inferred that he had worked at Amtorg. He appeared to 
be about 38 years of age, weighed about 175 pounds, and was 5 feet 10 
inches in height. Though the Soviet civilian claimed he would not drink, 
he accepted a glass of wine and ended up by drinking the entire bottle.

After eating, the American indicated that he must leave, but the Soviet 
officer insisted that he stay for a cup of coffee. The Soviet officer then 
left the room for the coffee and was gone about 30 minutes. During his 
absence, the Soviet civilian asked about inconsequential things and then 
asked the Colonel if he planned to live in Leavenworth, Kansas*, upon his 
return to the United States. The Colonel indicated that he did. (The 
Colonel had not mentioned his place of retirement to the Soviet civilian, 
though he had previously mentioned it to another Soviet officer at another 
meeting.)

The Soviet civilian then asked, "Colonel, if I come to the States, could I 
come and see you there?" The Colonel's reply was, "Why, certainly." The 
Soviet then remarked that he was a man with a wife and child and wanted 
security for them. He asked the Colonel if he would help him if he (the 
Soviet) came to the States. Again the Colonel replied that he would. The 
Soviet then made a chart of downtown Manhattan. He marked the northeast 
corner of 86th Street and Madison Avenue with a dot. The Soviet then asked 
if the Colonel could come to New York, and the Colonel replied that he 
might do so in the fall. The Soviet then indicated that if the Colonel 
would come to the northeast corner of 86th and Madison, he would meet him 
there at 4 p.m. on any of the following alternate dates: October 15, 25; 
or November 5, 15, or 25; January 1; February 1; March 1.

* Location of Army Command and General Staff School

The Soviet then indicated that though he himself would probably not meet 
the American in New York, someone would do so and would make the following 
statement, "Seems to me that I have met you at Spechstrasse, Colonel. What 
is the number of your house there?" The Soviet continued, "You should 
reply: 'Oh, yes, I have lived there at Spechstrasse 19.'"

The Soviet then asked if the Colonel could bring some books, pamphlets and 
maps from the school in Leavenworth with him. The Colonel replied that 
since he would be retired, he would have nothing to do with the 
Leavenworth school. The Soviet suggested that he could perhaps get some 
material anyhow. The American Colonel stated he "would have to think it 
over." The Soviet asked the Colonel if he needed any money, and he replied 
in the negative.

At about this time, the Soviet officer returned and again excused himself 
to brew some coffee. The Colonel then made a copy of the sketch of the 
Manhattan area which the Soviet civilian had done, since the Soviet 
refused to give him the original sketch. After coffee the Army Colonel 
announced that he had to leave since it was getting late. The Soviet asked 
him if he could return again in a couple of days, but the Colonel replied 
he would be very busy packing and would be unable to make another 
appointment. With that, the Colonel left the house and returned to where 
his driver was waiting for him.

The American Army officer immediately reported this meeting to appropriate 
authorities and indicated his willingness to cooperate in any way with the 
proper intelligence agencies in connection with any future meetings with 
the Soviet.

Shortly thereafter, the American Colonel returned to the United States; 
and the full details of the approach made to him by the Soviets were made 
available to the FBI. On October 15, 1954 -- the first meeting date set by 
the Soviet civilian -- FBI Agents took inconspicuous positions near the 
intersection of 86th Street and Madison Avenue in New York. At the same 
approximate time as the Colonel's appointment, these Agents observed 
Soviet officers attached to the Soviet representation at the United 
Nations. They obviously were looking it over for the contemplated 
rendezvous and seemed to be expecting another party to appear.

The FBI made arrangements to effect a meeting on the next scheduled date 
of October 25, 1954. Plans were made for a Special Agent of the FBI to act 
as a substitute for the Army Colonel at the meet. Accordingly, a Bureau 
Agent who came closest to resembling the Colonel was selected for the 
assignment. (The FBI Agent was 5 feet 11 inches tall, weighed about 178 
pounds and had brown hair with a receding hairline, hazel eyes, a ruddy 
complexion, and a rather full face with a round chin. The Colonel was 5 
feet 10 inches tall, weighed about 180 pounds and had brown hair with a 
receding hairline, brown eyes, a ruddy complexion, and a rather full face 
with a round chin. The Colonel wore a mustache, and there was 10 years' 
difference in their ages.)

The Agent was made up by a New York professional make-up artist. The make-
up work was done on the basis of a photograph of the Army Colonel, as well 
as a detailed description of him. The make-up included a false mustache 
made of crepe hair which was held in place by spirit gum. (This type 
mustache is extremely difficult to make inasmuch as it must be put on hair 
by hair to appear natural.) The Agent's hair was also touched up to make 
it appear to be considerably graying. After the application of make-up, a 
strong resemblance between the Agent and the Colonel could be seen, 
particularly in the mustache, mouth, nose, eyebrows, chin, and shadows 
under the eyes.

Since the Army Colonel was known to have worn loose-fitting tweed-type 
clothing, the Agent taking his place wore a tweed sport coat which was 
loose-fitting.

The Agent also had to familiarize himself to a considerable extent with 
the background of the Colonel, his family background, the family's 
activities and whereabouts, the Colonel's previous assignment in Germany 
and any other details which might be necessary to further convince the 
Soviets that the Agent was the actual Colonel. Appropriate identification 
data was also furnished the Agent in the event the Soviet might request it.

On October 25, 1954, the Special Agent posing as the Army Colonel arrived 
at the intersection at approximately 4:05 p.m. Two Soviet nationals 
(identified as members of the Soviet delegation to the United Nations) 
were observed in the area closely scrutinizing the Agent posing as the 
Colonel; however, they made no attempt to contact him. Again on November 
5, 1954, the Special Agent was present at the meeting place; however, no 
Soviets were seen in the area.

On November 15, at approximately 4:05 p.m., the Special Agent disguised as 
the Colonel arrived at the designated intersection by taxicab. He noticed 
a man standing on the corner who was obviously watching him. The stranger 
appeared to be about 5 feet 10 inches in height; weight about 190; husky 
build; about thirty-five to forty years of age. He wore a dark blue 
overcoat, blue suit and dark gray hat. For five minutes the stranger 
studied the Agent intensely, then walked up to him and mumbled something. 
The "Colonel" didn't hear him and queried: "Pardon me?" The Soviet 
national then gave the prearranged code phrase: "Seems to me that I have 
met you at Spechstrasse. Colonel, what is the number of your house there?" 
The Agent replied: "Oh, yes, I have lived there at Spechstrasse 19."

The Soviet national then introduced himself as "Schultz" and suggested 
that they go for a ride. ("Schultz" was immediately recognized by FBI 
Agents who had concealed themselves in the area as Maksim Martynov, 
attached to the Soviet delegation of the United Nations.) The substitute 
Colonel declined and suggested instead that they take a walk to Central 
Park. The Soviet agreed to this proposal.

As they walked along, the "Colonel" inquired as to whether he could meet 
the Russian whom he had been introduced in East Berlin. "Schultz" 
indicated that he would not, but that he (Schultz) was a friend of his 
carrying out the mission for him. The "Colonel" then showed the Soviet an 
identification card, which he examined.

Upon arrival in Central Park, the two began looking for a park bench on 
which to sit. Unable to find one, they crossed the bridle path and walked 
along the reservoir. "Schultz" then posed questions concerning Fort 
Leavenworth, and the substitute Colonel furnished him innocuous answers 
and nonclassified data. The Soviet then indicated that he would need 
specific information about the Army post and asked the "Colonel": "Are you 
willing to help me?" The "Colonel" replied that it would be a difficult 
job to obtain necessary data, but that it might be possible.

The Soviet national then commented about the "Colonel's" heavy expenses in 
having to come to New York to make the "meet." He reached into his 
overcoat pocket, pulled out a roll of paper and handed it to the 
"Colonel." Without looking at it, the Agent quickly placed the roll in his 
pocket. It turned out to be 25 ten-dollar bills.

"Schultz" stated that he would like to see the "Colonel" again and set the 
next meeting for January 15, 1955, at 4 p.m. at 86th and Madison Avenue. 
He added that if he (Schultz) did not contact him on that date, the 
Colonel should appear on the first Saturday of each succeeding month for 
four months at another address indicated on a paper he handed to him. The 
paper proved to be a cash register receipt from a Fifth Avenue book store.

"Schultz" noted that if he himself did not appear, another Soviet would 
take his place. Accordingly, he gave the following instructions so that 
the "Colonel" would be easily recognized: he was to carry a red and blue 
pencil, sharpened at both ends in his left hand and a street guide of 
Manhattan and the Bronx in his right coat pocket. The "Colonel" was to 
enter the designated book store and browse around in the scientific and 
medical section of the store. If another person, other than "Schultz," 
would appear, he would greet the "Colonel" with the words: "Are you 
interested in theory?" The "Colonel's" reply was to be: "I am interested 
in elementary theory." With that, the two men separated after spending 
about 35 minutes together.

At about 4:01 p.m. on January 15, 1955, the substitute Colonel drove up in 
a taxicab to the corner of 86th Street and Madison Avenue. When he 
alighted from the cab, he noticed "Schultz" standing on the corner and 
walked over to him. "Schultz" gave a smile of recognition, and the two 
shook hands. The Soviet then said, "Let's take a walk."

The "Colonel" suggested that they go to Central Park. The Soviet refused 
and insisted on walking up Madison Avenue. The two then agreed to go to a 
nearby hotel bar, with "Schultz" indicating that he would buy the 
"Colonel" a dinner. As they walked toward the hotel, the "Colonel" told 
the Soviet that he had been successful in getting the information he 
desired and that some of the data was in the briefcase he (the "Colonel") 
was carrying.

On entering the bar, the substitute Colonel selected a vacant table 
located in a corner of the dimly lit bar. The two sat down and the 
"Colonel" placed the briefcase on the seat beside him. They then ordered a 
drink. "Schultz" leaned over and cautioned his companion to speak in a low 
voice. The "Colonel" then noted that he had everything the Soviet wanted 
him to get and asked if "Schultz" had any paper on which to make notes. 
When the Soviet replied, "No," the "Colonel" stated: "You will just have 
to remember what I have to say to you."

The "Colonel" further noted that he could also give him some data 
contained in the briefcase; and as the "Colonel" talked, the Soviet looked 
around the bar. Then the Soviet whispered, "I don't like this place." The 
Soviet appeared to be extremely eager to leave the bar and get possession 
of the briefcase.

At this point, the substitute Colonel placed the briefcase on the table in 
front of him. This was the signal for Special Agents who were observing 
the meeting to approach the two men.

When these "intruders" identified themselves as FBI Agents, "Schultz" 
appeared to be visibly shaken. His face paled considerably, while he 
protested that he was just having a drink. Upon request, "Schultz" 
displayed credentials identifying him as Maksim Martynov, a member of the 
Soviet delegation to the United Nations. As such, he had diplomatic 
immunity. FBI Agents then confronted him with the knowledge of his act of 
espionage.

Martynov regained his composure and refused to talk further with the 
Agents. He snapped his fingers for the waiter's attention and upon the 
waiter's arrival handed him two bills in payment for the drinks. Martynov 
didn't bother to wait for his change -- 50 cents -- but immediately picked 
up his hat and left the lounge at 4:13 p.m. He was subsequently identified 
as proceeding by bus directly to the Soviet United Nations delegation 
headquarters.

On February 21, 1955, the Department of State declared Martynov persona 
non grata in connection with his espionage activity, and he departed the 
United States on February 26, 1955.


Biographical Data Re: Martynov

Maksim Grigorlevich Martynov was born February 17, 1915, at Leningradskaya 
Oblast, USSR. He entered the United States on November 12, 1951, as a 
member of the Soviet delegation to the United Nations. He made several 
visits to Russia and last re-entered the United States on November 3, 
1954, carrying a Soviet diplomatic passport. He held the rank of Colonel 
in the Soviet military establishment.



CHAPTER 27
RUDOLPH IVANOVICH ABEL (HOLLOW NICKEL CASE)

Origin Of Case

On the evening of Monday, June 22, 1953, a delivery boy for the "Brooklyn 
Eagle" knocked on the door of one of his customers in the apartment 
building at 3403 Foster Avenue in Brooklyn. It was "collecting time" 
again. A lady answered the door. She disappeared for a moment, then 
returned with a purse in her hand.

"Sorry, Jimmy," she said. "I don't have any change. Can you break this 
dollar bill for me?"

The newsboy quickly counted the coins in his pocket. There were not 
enough. "I'll ask the people across the hall," he said.

There were two ladies in the apartment across from the one occupied by 
Jimmy's customer. By pooling the coins in their pocketbooks, they were 
able to give the newsboy change for a dollar.

After he collected for the newspaper, Jimmy left the apartment house 
jingling several coins in his left hand. One of the coins seemed to have a 
peculiar ring. The newsboy rested this coin, a nickel, on the middle 
finger of his hand. It felt lighter than an ordinary nickel.

He dropped this coin to the floor. It fell apart! Inside was a tiny 
photograph -- apparently a picture of a series of numbers.

Two days later (Wednesday, June 24, 1953) during a discussion of another 
investigation, a detective of the New York City Police Department told a 
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Agent about the strange hollow 
nickel which, he had heard, was discovered by a Brooklyn youth. The 
detective had received his information from another police officer whose 
daughter was acquainted with the newsboy.

When the New York detective contacted him, Jimmy handed over the hollow 
nickel and the photograph it contained. The detective, in turn, gave the 
coin to the FBI.

In examining the nickel, Agents of the FBI's New York Office noted that 
the microphotograph appeared to portray nothing more then ten columns of 
typewritten numbers. There was five digits in each number and 21 numbers 
in most columns. The Agents immediately suspected that they had found a 
coded espionage message. They carefully wrapped the nickel and 
microphotograph for shipment to the FBI Laboratory.

Upon its receipt in Washington on June 26, 1953, the nickel was subjected 
to the thorough scrutiny of a team of FBI scientific experts. Hollow 
coins, though rarely seen by the ordinary citizen, are occasionally used 
in magic acts and come to the attention of Federal law enforcement 
agencies from time to time. This was the first time, however, that the FBI 
had ever encountered a nickel quite like this one.

The face of the coin was a 1948 Jefferson nickel. In the "R" of the word 
"TRUST", there was a tiny hole -- obviously drilled there so that a fine 
needle or other small instrument could be inserted to force the nickel 
open.

The reverse side had been made from another nickel -- one minted sometime 
during the period of 1942 to 1945. It was composed of copper-silver alloy, 
there being a shortage of nickel during World War II.

While efforts were being made to decode the message on the 
microphotograph, FBI Agents in New York launched an investigation to find 
the source of the hollow coin. The two ladies who had changed the newboy's 
dollar on the evening of June 22 were located. Yes, they remembered Jimmy; 
but, if either had given him a hollow nickel, it was entirely 
unintentional. "Why, we've never seen a hollow coin -- or, for that 
matter, even heard of one before."

The proprietors of novelty stores and related business establishments in 
the New York vicinity were contacted. Photographs of the hollow coin were 
shown to them. None could recall seeing a nickel or other coin quite like 
this one.

"It's not suitable for a magic trick," one novelty salesman commented. 
"The hollowed-out area is too small to hide anything aside from a tiny 
piece of paper.

In Washington, each effort to decipher the microphotograph met with 
failure. Additionally, the kind of typewriter which had been used in 
preparing the coded message could not be identified. Since the FBI 
Laboratory maintains a reference file concerning typewriters manufactured 
in the United States, a foreign-made typewriter undoubtedly was involved.

From 1953 to 1957, continuing efforts were made to solve the mystery of 
the hollow coin. Several former intelligence agents who had defected to 
the free world from communist-bloc nations were contacted. They could shed 
no light on the case.

As the search for the source of the hollow nickel expanded across the 
United States, hollow subway tokens, "trick" coins, and similar objects 
were submitted to the FBI Laboratory by Agents in various parts of the 
country. From New York came a half dollar which had been ground in such a 
manner that smaller coins could be concealed under it. From Los Angeles 
came a peculiar-looking 1953 Lincoln penny. FBI scientists determined that 
it had been coated with nickel.

Two hollow pennies were found in Washington, D.C. Neither of these 
pennies, nor the assortment of other coins which the Laboratory examined, 
was found to have tool markings or other distinguishing features to 
identify it with the newsboy's 1948 Jefferson nickel.

In the intelligence and counterintelligence field, patience is more than a 
virtue. It is an absolute necessity. Months of determined probing by the 
FBI's scientists and investigative staff had led merely to one blind alley 
after another. Yet, the relentless search to identify the person who had 
brought the hollow nickel to New York, as well as the person for whom the 
coded message was intended, continued.


Defection Of A Russian Spy

The key to this mystery proved to be a 36-year-old Lieutenant Colonel of 
the Soviet State Security Service (KGB). Early in May, 1957, he telephoned 
the United States Embassy in Paris and subsequently arrived at the Embassy 
to be interviewed. To an Embassy official, the Russian espionage agent 
explained, "I'm an officer in the Soviet intelligence service. For the 
past five years, I have been operating in the United States. Now I need 
your help."

This spy, Reino Hayhanen, stated that he had just been ordered to return 
to Moscow. After five years in the United States, he dreaded the thought 
of going back to his communist-ruled homeland. He wanted to defect -- to 
desert the Soviet camp.

Hayhanen was born near Leningrad on May 14, 1920. His parents were 
peasants. Despite his modest background, Hayhanen was an honor student 
and, in 1939, obtained the equivalent of a certificate to teach high 
school.

In September, 1939, Hayhanen was appointed to the primary school faculty 
in the Village of Lipitzi. Two months later, however, he was conscripted 
by the Communists' secret police, the NKVD. Since he had studied the 
Finnish language and was very proficient in its use, Hayhanen was assigned 
as an interpreter to an NKVD group and sent to the combat zone to 
translate captured documents and interrogate prisoners during the Finnish-
Soviet war.

With the end of this war in 1940, Hayhanen was assigned to check the 
loyalty and reliability of Soviet workers in Finland and to develop 
informants and sources of information in their midst. His primary 
objective was to identify anti-Soviet elements among the intelligentsia.

Hayhanen became a respected expert in Finnish intelligence matters and in 
May, 1943, was accepted into membership in the Soviet Communist Party. 
Following World War II, he rose to the rank of senior operative authorized 
representative of the Segozerski district section of the NKGB and, with 
headquarters in the Village of Padani, set about the task of identifying 
dissident elements among the local citizens.

In the summer of 1948, Hayhanen was called to Moscow by the KGB. The 
Soviet intelligence service had a new assignment for Hayhanen -- one which 
would require him to sever relations with his family, to study the English 
language, and to receive special training in photographing documents, as 
well as to encode and decode messages.

While his KGB training continued, Hayhanen worked as a mechanic in the 
City of Valga, Estonia. Then, in the summer of 1949, he entered Finland as 
Eugene Nicolai Maki, an American-born laborer.


Background Of Real Maki

The real Eugene Nicolai Maki was born in Enaville, Idaho, on May 30, 1919. 
His mother also was American born, but his father had immigrated to the 
United States from Finland in 1905. In the mid-1920s, Eugene Maki's 
parents became deeply impressed by glowing reports of conditions in "the 
new" Russia. They sold their belongings and left their Idaho farm for New 
York to book passage on a ship to Europe.

After leaving the United States, the Maki family settled in Estonia. From 
the outset, it was obvious that they had found no "Utopia" on the border 
of the Soviet Union. Letters which they wrote to their former neighbors 
showed that Mr. and Mrs. Maki were very unhappy and sorely missed America.

As the years passed, memories of the Maki family gradually began to fade, 
and all but possibly two or three old time residents of Enaville, Idaho, 
forgot that there has ever been a Maki family in that area. In Moscow, 
however, plans were being made for a "new" Eugene Maki, one thoroughly 
grounded in Soviet intelligence techniques, to enter the scene.


Hayhanen Becomes Maki

From July, 1949, to October, 1952, Hayhanen resided in Finland and 
established his identity as the American-born Eugene Maki. During this 
period, he was most cautious to avoid suspicion or attracting attention to 
himself -- his Soviet superiors wanting him to become established as an 
ordinary, hard-working citizen. This false "build up," of course, was 
merely part of Hayhanen's preparation for a new espionage assignment.

While in Finland, Hayhanen met and married Hanna Kurikka. She was to join 
him in the United States on February 20, 1953 -- four months after his 
arrival here. Even his wife knew him only as Eugene Maki, so carefully did 
he cover his previous life.

On July 3, 1951, Hayhanen -- then living in Turku, Finland -- visited the 
United States Legation in Helsinki. He displayed a birth certificate from 
the State of Idaho which showed that he was born in Enaville on May 30, 
1919, and, in the presence of a Vice Consul, he executed an affidavit in 
which he explained that his family had left the United States in 1928:

"I accompanied my mother to Estonia when I
was eight years of age and resided with her
until her death in 1941. I left Estonia for 
Finland in June, 1943, and have resided here for 
the reason that I have no funds with
which to pay my transportation to the
United States."

One year later -- July 28, 1952 -- a passport was issued to Hayhanen as 
Eugene Maki at Helsinki. Using this passport, he sailed October 16, 1952, 
from Southhampton, England, aboard the Queen Mary and arrived at New York 
City on October 21, 1952.

Several weeks before he departed for America, Hayhanen was recalled to 
Moscow and introduced to a Soviet agent, "Mikhail," who was to serve as 
his espionage superior in this country. In order to establish contact with 
"Mikhail" in the United States, Hayhanen was instructed that after 
arriving in New York he should go to the Tavern on the Green in Central 
Park. Near the tavern, he was told, he would find a signpost marked "Horse 
Carts"

"You will let Mikhail know of your arrival by placing a red thumb tack in 
this signpost," a Soviet official told him. "If you suspect that you are 
under surveillance, place a white thumb tack on the board."


Hayhanen Returns To The United States

The information which Hayhanen furnished to U.S. officials in Paris, 
France, in May, 1957, was immediately checked. There could be no question 
of its accuracy. Accordingly, passage was secured for Hayhanen on an 
airliner, and he was permitted to return to the United States.

Following his arrival in New York on May 10, 1957, Hayhanen was given a 
thorough physical examination, suitable quarters were found for him, and 
arrangements were made for him to be interviewed by FBI Agents.

From the fall of 1952 until early in 1954, he said, "Mikhail" served as 
his espionage superior in New York. They met only when necessary -- the 
meeting place being the Prospect Park subway station. To exchange messages 
and intelligence data, they used "dead drops" -- inconspicuous hiding 
places -- in the New York area. One of these "dead drops" was an iron 
picket fence at the end of 7th Avenue near Macombs bridge. Another was the 
base of a lamp post in Fort Tryon Park.

In one of the "dead drops" mentioned by Hayhanen -- a hole in a set of 
cement steps in Prospect Park -- FBI Agents found a hollowed-out bolt. The 
bolt was about two inches long and one-fourth inch in diameter. It 
contained the following typewritten message:

"Nobody came to meeting either 8 or 9th...as
I was advised he should. Why? Should he be
inside or outside? Is time wrong? Place 
seems right. Please check."

The bolt was found on May 15, 1957. It had been placed in the "dead drop" 
about two years previously, but, by a trick of fate, a repair crew had 
filled the hole in the stairs with cement, entombing the bolt and the 
message it contained.

Questioned about the hollow bolt, Hayhanen said that "trick" containers 
such as this were often used by the espionage apparatus which he served. 
Among the items he had been supplied by the Soviets were hollow pens, 
pencils, screws, batteries, and coins -- in some instances magnetized so 
they would adhere to metal objects.


Hollow 50 Markkaa Coin

In the modest home of Hayhanen and his wife on Dorislee Drive in 
Peekskill, New York, FBI Agents found such items as a 50 Markka coin from 
Finland. It had been hollowed out, and there was a small hole in the first 
"a" of the word "Tasavalta" which appeared on the "tail side" of this coin.

FBI Laboratory experts examined this Finnish coin on May 17, 1957. They 
immediately noted that it bore a great similarity to the Jefferson nickel 
which the Brooklyn newsboy had discovered in 1953. Two separate coins 
obviously had been used in making this "trick" 50 Markkaa piece. This also 
was the case with the hollow nickel. And both coins had a small hole in 
one printed letter so that a sharp-pointed instrument, such as a needle, 
could be used to open them.

Although the FBI was convinced that it had finally identified the Soviet 
espionage apparatus which was responsible for the hollow Jefferson nickel, 
only one half of the mystery posed by this coin since its discovery in 
June, 1953, had been solved. The coded message which the nickel contained 
still had to be deciphered.

During the FBI's extensive interviews with him, in May, 1957, Hayhanen was 
carefully questioned regarding the codes and cryptosystems which he had 
used in the various Soviet intelligence agencies he had served since 1939. 
The information which he provided was applied by FBI Laboratory experts to 
the microphotograph from the Jefferson nickel.

With this data, the FBI Laboratory succeeded in breaking through the 
curtain of mystery which surrounded the coded message. By June 3, 1957, 
the full text of the microphotograph was known. The message apparently was 
intended for Hayhanen and had been sent from the Soviet Union shortly 
after his arrival in the United States. It read:

"1. WE CONGRATULATE YOU ON A SAFE ARRIVAL.
WE CONFIRM THE RECEIPT OF YOUR LETTER TO THE
ADDRESS 'V REPEAT V' AND THE READING OF 
LETTER NUMBER 1."

"2. FOR ORGANIZATION OF COVER, WE GAVE INSTRUCTIONS TO TRANSMIT TO YOU 
THREE THOUSAND IN LOCAL (CURRENCY). CONSULT WITH US PRIOR TO INVESTING IT 
IN ANY KIND OF BUSINESS, ADVISING THE CHARACTER OF THIS BUSINESS."

"3. ACCORDING TO YOUR REQUEST, WE WILL TRANSMIT THE FORMULA FOR THE 
PREPARATION OF SOFT FILM AND NEWS SEPARATELY, TOGETHER WITH (YOUR) 
MOTHER'S LETTER."

"4. IT IS TOO EARLY TO SEND YOU THE GAMMAS.
ENCIPHER SHORT LETTERS, BUT THE LONGER ONES MAKE WITH INSERTIONS. ALL THE 
DATA ABOUT YOURSELF, PLACE OF WORK, ADDRESS, ETC., MUST NOT BE TRANSMITTED 
IN ONE CIPHER MESSAGE. TRANSMIT INSERTIONS SEPARATELY."

"5. THE PACKAGE WAS DELIVERED TO YOUR WIFE PERSONALLY. EVERYTHING IS ALL 
RIGHT WITH THE FAMILY. WE WISH YOU SUCCESS. GREETINGS FROM THE COMRADES. 
NUMBER 1, 3RD OF DECEMBER."


Other Soviet Agents 

Although Hayhanen assisted the FBI in solving the mystery of the hollow 
nickel, the information he furnished placed other critical challenges 
before the Agents. "Mikhail," the Soviet with whom Hayhanen maintained 
contact from the fall of 1952 until early 1954, was yet to be identified. 
And, when "Mikhail" dropped from the scene in 1954, Hayhanen was turned 
over to another Russian spy, one known only as "Mark". Hayhanen felt that 
"Mark" undoubtedly was still actively engaged in espionage within the 
United States! He also must be identified.

Hayhanen obtained the impression that "Mikhail" was a Soviet diplomatic 
official -- possibly attached to the Embassy or the United Nations. He 
described "Mikhail" as probably between 40 and 50 years old; medium build; 
long, thin nose; dark hair; and about five feet nine inches tall. This 
description was matched against the descriptions of Soviet representatives 
who had been in the United States between 1952 and 1954. From the long 
list of possible suspects, the most logical "candidate" appeared to be 
Mikhail Nikolaevich Svirin.

Svirin had been in and out of the United States on several occasions 
between 1939 and 1956. From the latter part of August, 1952, until April, 
1954, he had served as the First Secretary to the Soviet United Nations 
Delegation in New York.

On May 16, 1957, FBI Agents showed a group of photographs to Hayhanen. The 
moment his eyes fell upon a picture of Mikhail Nikolaevich Svirin, 
Hayhanen straightened up in his chair and announced, "That's the one. 
There is absolutely no doubt about it. That's Mikhail.'"

Svirin was beyond reach of American justice. He had returned to the Soviet 
Union in October, 1956.

The FBI's next task was to identify "Mark," the Soviet agent who had 
succeeded "Mikhail" as Hayhanen's contact man. Hayhanen did not know where 
"Mark" was residing or the name which "Mark" was using; however, he was 
able to furnish many other details concerning him.

According to Hayhanen, "Mark" was a colonel in the KGB and had been 
engaged in espionage work since approximately 1927. He had come to the 
United States in 1948 or 1949, entering by illegally crossing the Canadian 
border.

In keeping with instructions contained in a message he received from 
Soviet officials, Hayhanen was met by "Mark" at a movie theater in 
Flushing, Long Island, during the late summer of 1954. As identification 
symbols, Hayhanen wore a blue and red striped tie and smoked a pipe.

After their "introduction" at this theater, Hayhanen and "Mark" held 
frequent meetings in Prospect Park, on crowded streets, and in other 
inconspicuous places in the area of Greater New York. They also made 
several short trips together to Atlantic City, Philadelphia, Albany, 
Greenwich, and other communities in the eastern part of the United States.

"Mark" also sent Hayhanen on trips alone. For example, in 1954, "Mark" 
instructed him to locate an American Army sergeant, one formerly assigned 
to the United States Embassy in Moscow. At the time he related this 
information to FBI Agents in May, 1957, Hayhanen could not remember the 
Army sergeant's name. "I do recall, however, that we used the code name 
'Quebec' in referring to him and that he was recruited for Soviet 
intelligence work while in Moscow."

(An intensive investigation was launched to identify and locate "Quebec." 
It quickly produced results when, in examining a hollow piece of steel 
from Hayhanen's home, the FBI Laboratory discovered a piece of microfilm 
less than one-inch square. The microfilm bore a typewritten message which 
identified "Quebec" as Army sergeant Roy Rhodes and stated the Soviet 
agents had recruited him in January, 1952. Full information concerning 
Rhodes' involvement in Russian espionage was disseminated to the Army; and 
following a court-martial, he was sentenced to serve five years at hard 
labor.)

Hayhanen described "Mark" as about 50 years old or possibly older; 
approximately five feet ten inches tall; thin gray hair; and medium build. 
The unidentified Soviet agent was an accomplished photographer, and 
Hayhanen recalled that on one occasion in 1955, "Mark" took him to a 
storage room where he kept photo supplies on the fourth or fifth floor of 
a building located near Clark and Fulton Streets in Brooklyn.

The search for this storage room led FBI Agents to a building at 252 
Fulton Street. Among the tenants was one Emil R. Goldfus, a photographer 
who had operated a studio on the fifth floor since January, 1954 -- and 
who also had formerly rented a fifth-floor storage room there.

In April, 1957 (the same month Hayhanen boarded a ship for Europe under 
instructions to return to Moscow), Goldfus had told a few persons in the 
Fulton Street building that he was going South on a seven-week vacation. 
"It's doctor's orders," he explained. "I have a sinus condition."

Goldfus disappeared about April 26, 1957. Less than three weeks later, FBI 
Agents arrived at 252 Fulton Street in pursuit of the mysterious "Mark." 
Since Goldfus appeared to answer the description of Hayhanen's espionage 
superior, surveillance was established near his photo studio.

On May 28, 1957, Agents observed a man resembling "Mark" on a bench in a 
park directly opposite the entrance to 252 Fulton Street. This man 
occasionally walked about the park; he appeared to be nervous; and he 
created the impression that he was looking for someone -- possibly 
attempting to determine any unusual activity in the neighborhood. At 6:50 
p.m., this man departed on foot -- the Agents, certain their presence had 
not been detected, chose to wait rather than take a chance of trailing the 
wrong man. "If that's 'Mark,' he'll return," they correctly surmised.

While the surveillance continued at 252 Fulton Street, other FBI Agents 
made daily checks on the "dead drops" which Hayhanen stated he and "Mark" 
had used. The Agents' long hours of patience were rewarded on the night of 
June 13, 1957. At 10:00 p.m., they saw the lights go on in Goldfus' 
studio, and a man was observed moving in the room.

The lights went out at 11:52 p.m., and a man who appeared to generally fit 
the description of "Mark" stepped into the darkness outside the building. 
This man was followed down Fulton Street to a nearby subway station. 
Moments later, FBI Agents saw him take a subway to 28th Street, and they 
stood by unnoticed as he emerged from the subway and walked to the Hotel 
Latham on East 28th Street.

On June 15, a photograph of Goldgus which the FBI took with a hidden 
camera was shown to Hayhanen. "You've found him," the former Soviet Agent 
exclaimed. "That's 'Mark.'"

Goldfus--registered at the Hotel Latham under the name of Martin Collins-- 
was kept under surveillance from the night of June 13 until the morning of 
June 21, 1957. During this period, FBI Agents discreetly tied together the 
loose ends of the investigation, matters which had to be resolved before 
this Russian intelligence officer could be taken into custody.

Arrested by the Immigration and Naturalization Service on an alien warrant 
based upon his illegal entry into the United States and failure to 
register as an alien, "Mark" displayed a defiant attitude. He refused to 
cooperate at all.

Following his arrest, "Mark" was found to possess many false papers, 
including two American birth certificates. The first showed that he was 
Emil R. Goldfus, born August 2, 1902, in New York City. According to the 
second one, he was Martin Collins, born June 2, 1897, also in New York. 
Investigation was to establish that the Emil Goldfus whose birth 
certificate "Mark" displayed had died in infancy. The certificate in the 
name of Collins was a forgery.

During his career as a soviet spy, "Mark" also had used many other names 
in addition to the ones cited above. For example, during the fall of 1948, 
while en route to the United States from the Soviet Union, he had adopted 
the identity of Andrew Kayotis. The real Andrew Kayotis, believed to have 
died in a Lithuanian hospital, was born in Lithuania on October 10, 1895. 
He had arrived in the United States in October, 1916, and became a 
naturalized American citizen at Grand Rapids, Michigan, on December 30, 
1930.

On July 15, 1947, Andrew Kayotis, then residing in Detroit, was issued a 
passport so that he could visit relatives in Europe. Investigation in 
Detroit disclosed that several persons there considered Kayotis to be in 
poor physical condition at the time of his departure from the United 
States. Letters subsequently received from him indicated that he was in a 
Lithuanian hospital. When Kayotis' friends in Michigan heard no more from 
him, they assumed that he had passed away.

Nearly 10 years later, "Mark" was to admit that he had used Kayotis' 
passport during the fall of 1948 in booking passage aboard an ocean liner 
from LeHavre, France, to Canada. On November 14, 1948, he disembarked from 
the ship at Quebec -- and quickly dropped out of sight.

"Mark" made another admission -- that he was a Russian citizen, Rudolf 
Ivanovich Abel, born July 2, 1902, in the Soviet Union. Although he 
refused to discuss his intelligence activities, the photo studio and hotel 
room which he occupied were virtual museums of modern espionage equipment. 
They contained shortwave radios, cipher pads, cameras and film for 
producing microdots, a hollow shaving brush, cuff links, and numerous 
other "trick" containers.

Indicted as a Russian spy, Colonel Abel was tried in Federal court at New 
York City during October, 1957. Among the government witnesses to testify 
against him was his former trusted espionage assistant, Lieutenant Colonel 
Reino Hayhanen.

On October 25, 1957, the jury announced its verdict -- Abel was guilty of 
all counts. He appeared before Judge Mortimer W. Byers on November 15, 
1957, and was sentenced as follows (the three sentences to be served 
concurrently):

Count One (Conspiracy to transmit defense information to the Soviet 
Union), 30 years' imprisonment.

Count Two (Conspiracy to obtain defense information), 10 years' 
imprisonment and $2,000 fine.

Count Three (Conspiracy to act in the United States as an agent of a 
foreign government without notification to the Secretary of State), 5 
years' imprisonment and $1,000 fine.

Colonel Abel appealed his convictions, claiming that rights guaranteed to 
him under the Constitution and laws of the United States had been 
violated. By a five-to-four decision which was handed down on March 28, 
1960, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction of this Russian spy.

An investigation which had started with a newsboy's hollow nickel 
ultimately resulted in the smashing of a Soviet spy ring. On February 10, 
1962, Rudolf Invanovich Abel was exchanged for the American U-2 pilot, 
Francis Gary Powers, who was a prisoner of the Soviet Union.