Study of Civil War Sites in the Shenandoah Valley - Part 3-A



PART THREE-A: SHENANDOAH VALLEY BATTLEFIELDS

Part Three addresses each of the battlefields in chronological order, 
summarizing the battle's statistics, size, and significance. The battle 
action is described in phases. Important events are linked with features 
that can be located on the ground. The current condition of the 
battlefield is assessed in narrative form, and perceived threats to the 
sites are summarized in detail. Also included for each site, is a list of 
features that were mentioned in battle accounts, including place names, 
topographical features, standing structures and buildings, ruins, sites of 
lost features, and archeological sites. 


1. FIRST KERNSTOWN (23 March 1862)

County: Frederick, VA and City of Winchester.

General Location: West of US 11 (Valley Pike) and N. of Hoge Run; Rte. 37 
(4-lane bypass) bisects the area of heaviest fighting along Sand Ridge.

Size of Study/Core Areas: 4,029/1,554 acres

GIS Integrity of Study/Core Areas: 56/71 percent; Fair/Fair

Field Assessment of Study Area Integrity: Fair

USGS Quadrants: Winchester, Stephens City

Campaign: Jackson's Valley Campaign

Principal Commanders: [c] Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson; [u] Col. Nathan 
Kimball, commanding Brig. Gen. James Shields' division.

Forces Engaged: [c] Jackson's infantry division of three brigades 
(Garnett, Burks, and Fulkerson), 27 guns, and a cavalry contingent under 
Col. Turner Ashby; total strength did not exceed about 3,600-3,800, of 
which most were engaged; [u] One infantry division of three brigades 
(Kimball, Sullivan, and Tyler), 24 guns, and 16 companies of cavalry under 
Broadhead; total force between 8,500 and 9,000, three-fourths of which 
were brought into action.

Casualties: [c] 718 (80k/375w/263mc); [u] 590 (118k/450w/22mc).

Significance: This battle is considered by many historians as the opening 
conflict of the famous Valley Campaign of 1862. It was the only battle 
recorded as "lost" by Stonewall Jackson, but in many ways he gained as 
much by losing as by winning. After the battle, President Lincoln was 
disturbed by Jackson's potential threat to Washington and redirected more 
than 35,000 men to defend approaches from the Valley before the campaign 
was finished. Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's army was deprived of these 
reinforcements, which he claimed would have enabled him to take Richmond 
during his Peninsular campaign. Because of this redeployment of Federal 
troops, First Kernstown is considered one of the decisive engagements of 
1862. 

Description of the Battle

Prelude: Acting on faulty intelligence that suggested that his small army 
outnumbered the Federal forces at Winchester, Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson 
moved to strike his opponents and prevent US reinforcements from leaving 
the Valley to aid McClellan's army on the Peninsula. The division of Brig. 
Gen. James Shields in fact outnumbered Jackson more than two-to-one. On 
the afternoon of 22 March, Ashby's cavalry and horse artillery skirmished 
with US forces near Kernstown. General Shields was wounded in this affair, 
his arm broken by a shell fragment, and divisional command devolved to 
Col. Nathan Kimball. 

Phase One. Skirmishing at Kernstown: At dawn Kimball moved against Ashby's 
advance on the Valley Pike north of Kernstown. Sullivan's and a portion of 
Kimball's US brigades advanced, straddling the pike, and pushed Ashby 
south of Hoge's Run, taking possession of Pritchard's Hill. Ashby's 
troopers formed a new defensive line, which was later supported by 
infantry and maintained throughout the battle. Jenks' US battery 
unlimbered on Pritchard's Hill and responded to Ashby's artillery in 
position near the Opequon Church. About 1100 hours, Jackson's infantry 
began to concentrate south of Kernstown. It was soon evident to Kimball 
that Jackson's army was arriving on the field. Kimball consolidated his 
position and awaited reinforcements. 

Phase Two. CS Flank Movement: By 1400 hours, Jackson's infantry was on the 
field, massed south of Kernstown. Jackson launched a feint toward 
Kimball's main position along the Pike with a portion of Burks' brigade, 
but this was to disguise a flanking movement to his left along Sand Ridge. 
Jackson directed Fulkerson's and Garnett's brigades to the ridge, leaving 
Burks to support Ashby. Confederate artillery (3 batteries) were 
positioned on the eastern face of the ridge and engaged US batteries on 
Pritchard's Hill. Fulkerson advanced on the left, seizing an east-west 
stone fence on the Glass farm under fire. Garnett came up on Fulkerson's 
right, extending the CS battle line from Opequon Creek east across the 
front of the ridge, then bending back south to cover the artillery. A 
regiment was deployed across the Middle Road to maintain a connection 
between the CS flanks. Recognizing the threat to his right, Kimball moved 
Tyler's brigade forward from its reserve position near the toll gate at 
the intersection of the Valley Pike and Cedar Creek Grade to confront 
Fulkerson and Garnett. As the artillery duel continued, skirmishers closed 
and the fighting began to heat up. 

Phase Three. US Assault on Sand Ridge: At 1600 hours, Tyler deployed his 
five regiments (about 3,000 men) and attacked the CS position on Sand 
Ridge, supported by his batteries on Pritchard's Hill and a small cavalry 
force on his far right flank. Several attempts to turn the CS left flank 
were repulsed with heavy casualties. Tyler now focused his attention on 
the CS center on the crest of the ridge. Recognizing that Ashby's activity 
on the Valley Pike was a demonstration only, Colonel Kimball marched his 
brigade and part of Sullivan's (about 3,000) to the right, joining with 
Tyler to assault the CS center and right on Sand Ridge. Garnett's 
outnumbered brigade lacked the protection of a stone fence like 
Fulkerson's and soon began to fall back. Jackson dispatched two regiments 
to the support of Garnett but before they arrived, Garnett ordered a 
withdrawal, believing his position untenable. This movement opened 
Fulkerson's right flank to a heavy fire and he too retired. The retreat 
soon became badly disorganized. The CS artillery kept US forces in the 
open ground east of Sand Ridge at bay, firing canister, but no fire could 
be brought to bear along the wooded ridge itself. The Union advance along 
the crest forced the guns to retire. 

Phase Four. Rear Guard Action: Jackson deployed two regiments (5VA and 
42VA) across the ridge to slow the US advance. Several regiment-sized 
attacks were repulsed, and for a brief time fighting was fierce and hand-
to-hand. According to Henderson, colors of the 5th Ohio changed hands six 
times. A body of US cavalry advanced south along the road (rte. 621), but 
were checked by Funston's cavalry. Darkness ended the fighting. 

Phase Five. CS Retreat: Jackson withdrew along "Stone Lane" past the 
Magill House and south along the Valley Pike. Ashby remained with the 
cavalry at Bartonsville, while the infantry went on to Newtown (Stephens 
City). Jackson slept in the corner of a rail fence near Bartonsville. US 
forces did not pursue.

Current Condition of the Battlefield

The core area of the battlefield where the major Union attacks occurred is 
bisected by the four-lane rte. 37-bypass, but the western and eastern 
portions of the field are in relatively pristine condition. The western 
portion, scene of the most intense fighting, is the Glass property, site 
of the 1840s Glass House (in the same family). The property preserves all 
of the original land contours and remnants of stone fences that figured 
prominently in the battle. Part of the property is farmed as it was during 
the Civil War, but the woodland along Sand Ridge is more extensive now 
than at the time of the battle. To the east is Pritchard's Hill and the 
Pritchard-Grim property. Pritchard's Hill served as a Union artillery 
strongpoint during First Kernstown and was the center of fighting for 
Second Kernstown. This property from rte. 628 to the historic Opequon 
Church and north of rte. 652 is also in very good condition. The area of 
skirmishing on the morning of the battle along the Valley Pike (US 11) has 
been claimed by industrial, commercial, and residential developments and 
is lost. Little remains of the original hamlet of Kernstown other than 
Hoge's Ordinary, which has been renovated into office space. The area 
where the rear guard action was fought on Sand Ridge is occupied by a 
housing development. The importance of this ground is enhanced by its 
significance in two major Shenandoah Valley campaigns. 

Perception of Threats to Battlefield

Land east of US 11 along the railroad tracks has been developed for a 
large-scale industrial/business park. Route 11 is zoned 
commercial/industrial and has been densely developed from south of 
Kernstown to the Winchester city limits, causing concern over potential 
development plans west of US 11. A county planning official noted, 
however, that watershed and ground water considerations make development 
in the Pritchard's Hill and Sand Ridge areas less desirable. These factors 
would need to be considered before any development plans would be 
approved. Residential development is encroaching on the northern part of 
Pritchard's Hill. For the present, a large portion of this land remains in 
private ownership and has been altered little since the Civil War. The 
Glass property has been placed in the Glen Burnie Trust and Pritchard-Grim 
farm and adjacent portions of Pritchard's Hill are owned by the Charles 
Hardy Grim Estate. 

Identified Sites and Features Associated with the Battlefield
(unsurveyed*) 

Bartonsville Mill 
Cedar Creek Grade 
Front Royal Road 
Glass House 
Hoge's Ordinary 
Hoge's Run 
Kernstown 
Magill House* 
Middle Road 
Old Town Winchester 
Opequon Church and Cemetery 
Pritchard House 
Pritchard's Hill 
Sand Ridge 
Springdale 
Stone Lane 
Stone Walls 
Toll Gate (site of) 
Valley Pike 



2. McDOWELL (8 May 1862)

County: Highland, VA

General Location: Rte. 250 east of McDowell, between Bull Pasture River 
and Sitlington's Hill.

Size of Study/Core Areas: 4,539/2,258 acres

GIS Integrity of Study/Core Areas: 100/100 percent; Good/Good

Field Assessment of Study Area Integrity: Good

USGS Quadrants: McDowell, Monterey SE, West Augusta

Campaign: Jackson's Valley Campaign

Principal Commanders: [c] Maj. Gen. T. J. Jackson , Brig. Gen. Edward 
Johnson; [u] Brig. Gen. R. C. Schenck, Brig. Gen. R. Milroy.

Forces Engaged: [c] Johnson's brigade (six regts.) and Taliaferro's (3 
regts.), about 6,000 engaged. [u] Two brigades (Milroy and Schenck), about 
6,500. Milroy attacked Sitlington's Hill with 2,250.

Casualties: [c] about 500 k/w/m (12GA suffered about 175 k/w/m); [u] about 
260 k/w/m.

Significance: Some historians consider the battle of McDowell the 
beginning of "Stonewall" Jackson's 1862 Valley Campaign, while others 
prefer to include First Kernstown, Stonewall's only defeat. The battle of 
McDowell is studied today by military historians for several reasons. At 
the tactical level, it can be argued that the US forces achieved a draw. 
Milroy's "spoiling attack" surprised Jackson, seized the initiative, and 
inflicted heavier casualties, but did not drive the Confederates from 
their position. Historians derive lessons about use of terrain, small unit 
tactics and leadership, and overexuberance under fire (12th Georgia). At 
the strategic level, the battle of McDowell and the resultant withdrawal 
of the US army was an important victory for the South. The battle 
demonstrated Jackson's strategy of concentrating his forces against a 
numerically inferior foe, while denying his enemies the chance to 
concentrate against him. Jackson rode the momentum of his strategic win at 
McDowell to victory at Front Royal (23 May) and First Winchester (25 May). 

Description of the Battle

Phase One. CS Advance on Parkersburg Turnpike (7 May): Maj. Gen. Thomas J. 
Jackson's columns departed West View and Staunton on the morning of 7 May, 
marching west along the Parkersburg turnpike. Elements of Brig. Gen. 
Edward Johnson's brigade composed the vanguard. At mid-afternoon, Union 
pickets were encountered at Rodgers' tollgate, where the pike crosses 
Ramsey's Draft. The Union force, which consisted of portions of three 
regiments (3WV, 32OH, 75OH) under overall command of Brig. Gen. Robert 
Milroy, withdrew hastily, abandoning their baggage at the tollgate and 
retreating to the crest of Shenandoah Mountain. 

At Rodgers', Johnson and Jackson conferred. The Confederate force split 
into two columns to envelope the US holding position on Shenandoah 
Mountain. Milroy ordered his force to withdraw and concentrate at 
McDowell, where he hoped to receive reinforcements. Milroy also positioned 
a section of artillery on Shaw's Ridge to impede Johnson's descent from 
the crest of Shenandoah Mountain. These guns were soon withdrawn with 
their supports to McDowell. By dusk, Johnson's advance regiments reached 
Shaw's Fork where they encamped. Because of the narrow roads and few camp 
sites, Jackson's army was stretched 8-10 miles back along the pike with 
its rear guard at Dry Branch Gap. Jackson established his headquarters at 
Rodgers' tollgate. During the night, Milroy withdrew behind the 
Bullpasture River to McDowell, establishing headquarters in the Hull 
House. 

Phase Two. CS Advance to Sitlington's Hill (8 May): Starting at dawn of 8 
May, the Confederate advance crossed Shaw's Ridge, descended to the 
Cowpasture River at Wilson's House, and ascended Bullpasture Mountain. The 
advance was unopposed. Reaching the crest of the ridge, Jackson and 
Jedediah Hotchkiss conducted a reconnaissance of the Union position at 
McDowell from a rocky spur right of the road. Johnson continued with the 
advance to the base of Sitlington's Hill. Expecting a roadblock ahead, he 
diverged from the road into a steep narrow ravine that leads to the top of 
the hill. After driving away Union skirmishers, Johnson deployed his 
infantry along the long, sinuous crest of the hill. Jackson asked his 
staff to find a way to place artillery on the hill and to search for a way 
to flank the Union position to the north. 

Phase Three. Deployment of US Forces: About 1000 hours, Brig. Gen. Robert 
Schenck arrived after a forced march from Franklin. Being senior to 
Milroy, Schenck assumed overall command of the Union force at McDowell 
with headquarters at the Hull House. He deployed his artillery, consisting 
of 18 guns on Cemetery Hill and near the McDowell Presbyterian Church to 
defend the bridge over the Bullpasture River. He deployed his infantry in 
line from McDowell south along the river for about 800 yards. He placed 
one regiment (2WV) on Hull's Hill, west of the river and overlooking the 
pike. Three companies of cavalry covered the left flank on the road to the 
north of the village. 

Phase Four. US Attack on Sitlington's Hill: Schenck and Milroy sent out 
skirmishers to contest the base of Sitlington's Hill along the river. As 
CS forces on the crest of the hill increased in numbers, Schenck and 
Milroy conferred. Union scouts reported that the Confederates were 
attempting to bring artillery to the crest of the hill which would make 
the US position on the bottomland at McDowell untenable. In absence of an 
aggressive CS advance, Schenck and Milroy attempted a spoiling attack. 
Milroy advanced his brigade (25OH, 32OH, 75OH, 3WV) and the 82nd Ohio of 
Schenck's brigade, about 2,300 men. About 1500 hours Milroy personally led 
the attacking force, which crossed the bridge and proceeded up the ravines 
that cut the western slope of the hill. 

In the meantime, Jackson had been content to hold the crest of the hill 
while searching for a route for a flanking movement to the north. He 
declined to send artillery up the hill because of the difficulty of 
withdrawing the pieces in the face of an attack. Union artillerymen on 
Cemetery Hill elevated their pieces by digging deep trenches in the ground 
for the gun trails and began firing at the Confederates in support of the 
advancing infantry. Schenck also had a six-pounder hauled by hand to the 
crest of Hull's Hill to fire on the CS right flank above the turnpike 
(some accounts say a section of guns, another says a whole battery). The 
Union line advanced resolutely up the steep slopes and closed on the 
Confederate position. The conflict became "fierce and sanguinary." 

The 3rd West Virginia advanced along the turnpike in an attempt to turn 
the CS right. Jackson reinforced his right on the hill with two regiments 
and covered the turnpike with the 21st Virginia. The 12th Georgia at the 
center and slightly in advance of the main CS line on the hill crest bore 
the brunt of the Union attack and suffered heavy casualties. The fighting 
continued for four hours as the Union attackers attempted to pierce the 
center of the CS line and then to envelope its left flank. Nine CS 
regiments were engaged, opposing five US regiments in the fight for 
Sitlington's Hill. At dusk the Union attackers withdrew to McDowell. 

Phase Five. Union Withdrawal (9 May): At dark US forces withdrew from 
Sitlington's Hill and recrossed to McDowell, carrying their wounded from 
the field. About 0200 hours of 9 May, Schenck and Milroy ordered a general 
retreat along the turnpike toward Franklin. The 73rd Ohio held their 
skirmish line along the river until near dawn when they withdrew and acted 
as rear guard for the retreating column. Ten men of the regiment were 
inadvertently left behind and captured. Shortly after the Federals 
retired, the Confederates entered McDowell. Schenck established a holding 
position on 9 May (north of modern intersection of rte. 629 and US 220) 
but only minor skirmishing resulted. For nearly a week, Jackson pursued 
the retreating Union army almost to Franklin before commencing a return 
march to the Valley on 15 May. 

Current Condition of the Battlefield

The battlefield of McDowell retains the highest integrity of all of the 
Shenandoah Valley battlefields surveyed; this is due to its location and 
the rugged nature of the ground, which precludes almost any land use other 
than agriculture or woodland. Highland County retains a low population 
density (fewer residents now than at the time of the battle) and a 
distinct rural character. In general, the landscape consists of narrow 
river valleys which are farmed and high ridge lines which are mostly 
forested with interspersed pastureland. The line of Jackson's advance 
along rte. 250 passes through the George Washington National Forest, which 
ends at the Cowpasture River. The core of the battlefield on Sitlington's 
Hill is owned and preserved by the Association for the Preservation of 
Civil War Sites (APCWS) and the Lee- Jackson Foundation. Together the two 
groups own more than 200 acres bounded by rte. 250 on the east and north, 
including the ravine used by CS troops to reach the summit and main areas 
of attack and defense. A single individual owns the remaining portions of 
Sitlington's Hill. A hiking trail on APCWS property leads to the crest of 
Sitlington's Hill, providing unmarked access for visitors. 

The village of McDowell retains much character, including many historic 
structures: a renovated mill next to the bridge, Presbyterian Church (used 
as a field hospital by both sides), and the Hull House (Federal 
headquarters). The general store and other structures appear to date from 
about 1900. Hull's Hill north of rte. 250 is privately owned; its crest is 
maintained as pastureland as at the time of the battle, while its slopes 
and base are heavily wooded. 

Perception of Threats to Battlefield

The general perception is that the battlefield of McDowell was 
substantially preserved by the recent APCWS acquisition of about 100 acres 
on Sitlington's Hill. The county's economy is sluggish, compared with that 
of the Shenandoah Valley proper, and little development of any kind is 
present. The county prides itself on its annual Highland Maple Festival, 
which attracts thousands of visitors every spring. Local residents are 
content that "their battlefield" is in one piece, and many expressed the 
desire that more tourists could be attracted to McDowell to visit it. The 
Hull House is currently occupied seasonally and the structure appears in 
good condition. 

Identified Sites and Features Associated with the Battlefield

Bullpasture River 
Cedar Knob 
Cemetery Hill 
Crab Run 
Fort Johnson 
Hull House 
Hull's Hill 
Mill Site 
Old Town McDowell 
Parkersburg Road 
Presbyterian Church 
Rodger's Tollgate (site of) 
Shaws Ridge 
Shenandoah Mountain 
Sitlington Hill 
UDC Battle Monument 
Warm Springs Road 
Wilson House (site of) 



3. FRONT ROYAL (23 May 1862)

County: Warren, VA

General Location: Along US 340/522 from Limeton through Front Royal, Guard 
Hill, and Cedarville. Old Buckton Depot

Size of Study/Core Areas: 3,082/944 acres

GIS Integrity of Study/Core Areas: 48/33 percent; Poor/Poor

Field Assessment of Study Area Integrity: Poor

USGS Quadrants: Bentonville, Front Royal, Strasburg 

Campaign: Jackson's Valley Campaign

Principal Commanders: [c] Maj. Gen. T. J. Jackson; [u] Col. J. R. Kenly

Forces Engaged: [c] Jackson's and Ewell's divisions and three regiments of 
cavalry, about 16,500, 48 guns; only about 3,000 were actively engaged at 
Front Royal; [u] Reinforced regiment under Col. J. R. Kenly, about 1,063 
and two guns

Casualties: [c] 50 k/w/m; [u] 904 (32k/122w/750 captured)

Significance: Maj. Gen. T. J. Jackson's decisive victory over a small 
Union force at Front Royal on 23 May 1862, forced the main Union Army at 
Strasburg under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks into abrupt retreat. Jackson 
deceived Banks into believing that the CS army was in the main Valley near 
Harrisonburg; instead he had marched swiftly north to New Market and 
crossed Massanutten via New Market Gap to Luray. The advance to Front 
Royal placed Jackson in position to move directly on Winchester in the 
rear of the Union army. On 24 May, Banks retreated down the Valley Pike to 
Winchester, harassed by CS cavalry and artillery at Middletown and Newtown 
(Stephens City), setting the stage for the battle of First Winchester the 
following day. 

The action at Front Royal demonstrated Jackson's use of Valley topography 
and mobility to unite his own forces while dividing those of his enemies. 
At a minimal cost, he forced the withdrawal of a large Union army by 
striking at its flank and threatening its rear. The confusion engendered 
by Jackson's appearance at Front Royal and the hasty Union retreat from 
Strasburg to Winchester contributed materially to the defeat of Banks' 
army at First Winchester on 25 May. Jackson used his cavalry to good 
advantage at Front Royal, to sever US communications east and west, and to 
strike the final blow at Cedarville. 

Description of the Battle

Prelude: On 21 May 1862, the US army under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, 
numbering about 9,000 men, was concentrated in the vicinity of Strasburg 
with two companies of infantry at Buckton Depot. Col. J. R. Kenly 
commanded 1,063 men and two guns at Front Royal. CS cavalry under Col. 
Turner Ashby confronted Banks near Strasburg, but then withdrew to join 
the main army which crossed Massanutten Mountain via New Market Gap to 
reach Luray. 

On 22 May, Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson's Army of the Valley (about 16,500 
men) advanced along the muddy Luray Road to within ten miles of Front 
Royal. Jackson's headquarters were at Cedar Point. Colonel Thomas 
Munford's cavalry regiment was sent east to close off Manassas Gap and cut 
communication between Front Royal and Washington. 

Phase One. CS Advance: On the morning of 23 May, the vanguard of Jackson's 
army reached Spangler's crossroads (present day Limeton). Here the CS 
cavalry under colonels Ashby and Flournoy diverged west to cross the South 
Fork Shenandoah at McCoy's Ford. The infantry continued to Asbury Chapel 
and right onto a cross road to reach Gooney Manor Road. Following this 
road, they approached Front Royal from the south, bypassing Federal 
pickets stationed near the river on the Luray Road one mile south of the 
courthouse. After minor skirmishing the Federals withdrew. 

Phase Two. Deployment of Forces: Jackson's leading brigade, Taylor's, 
deployed on Prospect Hill and along the ridge to the east. The 1st 
Maryland and Wheat's Louisiana battalion were thrown out in advance, 
entering the town and clearing it of US skirmishers. Col. J. R. Kenly, in 
command of US forces, withdrew his force to Camp (Richards') Hill, 
supported by a section of artillery. The US line extended in an arc from 
the South Fork to Happy Creek, defending the South Fork bridge. Kenly's 
artillery opened fire and slowed the CS advance. Kenly's headquarters were 
in the Vanoort House. 

Phase Three. US Defense of Camp Hill: The Confederate infantry advanced 
through town, deploying into line of battle under an accurate artillery 
fire. A CS flanking column moved to the east, crossing Happy Creek in an 
attempt to force US withdrawal without a frontal assault. After a long 
delay because of the muddy roads, a battery of rifled artillery was 
deployed on or near Prospect Hill to counter the Union guns on Camp Hill. 

Phase Four. Skirmish at Buckton Depot: In the meantime, after crossing the 
South Fork at McCoy's Ford, Ashby's and Lt. Col. Flournoy's (6VA) cavalry 
rode via Bell's Mill and Waterlick Station to reach the US outpost at 
Buckton Depot. Ashby made a mounted assault, which cost him several of his 
best officers before the US defenders surrendered. Ashby cut the telegraph 
lines, severing communication between the main US army at Strasburg and 
the detached force at Front Royal. He then divided the cavalry, sending 
Flournoy's regiment east toward Riverton to threaten Kenly's rear. Ashby 
remained at Buckton Depot astride the railroad to prevent reinforcements 
from being sent to Front Royal. 

Phase Five. US Retreat: On discovering that Confederate cavalry was 
approaching from the west, Col. Kenly abandoned his position on Camp Hill, 
retreated across the South and North Fork bridges, and attempted to burn 
them. He positioned part of his command at Guard Hill, while the 
Confederates ran forward to douse the flames, saving the bridges. While CS 
infantry repaired the bridges for a crossing, Flournoy's cavalry arrived 
at Riverton and forded the river, pressing Kenly's forces closely. As soon 
as the CS infantry crossed, the US position could be flanked by a column 
moving along the river. Kenly chose to continue his withdrawal, his 
outmatched cavalry fighting a rear guard action against Flournoy's 6th 
Virginia Cavalry. 

Phase Six. US Surrender: Kenly withdrew along the Winchester turnpike 
beyond Cedarville with Flournoy's cavalry in close pursuit. General 
Jackson rode ahead with the cavalry, as CS infantry began to cross the 
rivers. At the Thomas McKay House, one mile north of Cedarville, Kenly 
turned to make a stand, deploying on the heights on both sides of the 
pike. Flournoy's cavalry swept around the US flanks, causing panic. Kenly 
fell wounded, and the US defense collapsed. More than 700 US soldiers 
threw down their weapons and surrendered. 

Current Condition of the Battlefield

Many terrain features associated with this battle have been overwhelmed by 
the growth of the City of Front Royal. At the time of the battle, Front 
Royal was a small village of several streets clustered around the 
courthouse. Troops maneuvered among the buildings and on open ground, 
south, east, and north of the village, areas which have now been 
urbanized. Loss of integrity is most obvious when attempting to understand 
maneuvers in and around Camp (Richardson's) Hill. It is difficult to find 
a vantage point to understand the terrain advantage of the US position 
there. Camp Hill itself, site of Kenly's defense, is densely residential 
(Warren Park subdivision). Open ground east of Camp Hill and Happy Creek 
would enable some understanding of CS flanking maneuvers although access 
is restricted. 

The massive reshaping of Guard Hill, due to road-widening and quarrying, 
and heavy construction north to I-66 is an obvious loss. The current "gap" 
in Guard Hill for US 340/522 is largely a modern cut. Large industrial 
structures, including the DuPont Automotive plant, have been constructed 
in the vicinity of Cedarville on ground maneuvered over in the closing 
phase of the battle. 

In spite of these losses, several features, primarily architectural, 
remain by which the flow of the battle may be interpreted. The hamlet of 
Spangler's Crossroads (Limeton) and the road to McCoy's Ford enable an 
understanding of CS cavalry movements, preparatory to the battle. The 
roads from McCoy's Ford to Buckton Depot taken by the CS cavalry pass 
through a scenic rural countryside. The site of Buckton Depot (and a depot 
building, vintage uncertain), the site of Ashby's skirmish, can be 
located. Asbury Chapel marks where the CS infantry diverged from Luray 
Road to reach Gooney Manor Road. Gooney Manor Road passes through a scenic 
landscape until near the entrance to Skyline Drive at Front Royal, where 
there is dense development. 

In the town of Front Royal, Prospect Hill Cemetery maintains open ground 
where the CS left flank first deployed and where artillery was positioned. 
The cemetery offers a good vantage point for understanding the terrain and 
tactical movements. Monuments to Mosby's men and to the Warren Rifles are 
in Prospect Hill Cemetery. In a general sense, the Front Royal old town 
can be considered a supporting resource, although the district is not 
listed in the National Register. The Warren Rifles museum interprets the 
role of Warren County residents in the Civil War. A historic marker and a 
Confederate monument stand in front of the courthouse. The estate of Rose 
Hill, a beautiful old home, is specifically mentioned in several battle 
accounts. 

The South and North Fork bridge sites can be located. Riverside Farm (c. 
1850) at Riverton preserves about 150 acres of open farmland and a segment 
of the original alignment of the Front Royal-Winchester turnpike. 
(Stonewall Jackson is said to have slept on the porch here on the night 
after the battle.) The hamlet of Riverton dates primarily from the 1880s. 
The old Guard House stands on the hill to the west of the new road cut. 
The Robert and Jacob McKay houses (late 1700s) and the old store (c. 1860) 
at Cedarville provide some sense of historic character in spite of 
encroaching residential development. The Thomas McKay House where US 
forces surrendered stands one mile north of Cedarville (currently an 
antique store). A large industrial building adjacent to the house degrades 
the setting. 

Perception of Threats to Battlefield

In terms of terrain, battlefield ground within the city limits of Front 
Royal has been lost. The Riverton Corporation controls access to Guard 
Hill along the river. Heavy quarrying is occurring on the northern and 
eastern slopes of the hill and on land adjacent to the river. Highway 
widening has increased the size of the Guard Hill gap and is reshaping the 
ground. Plans being discussed to build a second span over the North Fork 
would further degrade this area of low integrity. Riverside Farm is the 
last area of open farmland at Riverton. The flood plain of the North Fork 
is currently agricultural land. An I-66 interchange has spurred commercial 
and industrial development north of Guard Hill on the road to Cedarville. 
The area north of Cedarville and east of US 340 is an expanding industrial 
park, currently encroaching on the US surrender area. Adjacent to this 
industrial park is an "Inland Port" complex centered on a railroad 
terminal. 

Identified Sites and Features Associated with the Battlefield
(unsurveyed*) 

Asbury Chapel 
Bell's Mill (site of) 
Belle Boyd House 
Buckton Depot (site of) 
Carson's Ford 
Cedarville 
Cedarville Baptist Church 
Cedarville Store 
County Courthouse 
Crooked Run 
Gooney Manor Road 
Guard Hill 
Guard House 
Happy Creek 
Jacob McKay House 
Limeton (Spangler's Crossroads) 
Manassas Gap Railroad 
McCoy's Ford 
Mrs. King House (site of*) 
North Fork Bridge Site 
Old Luray Road 
Old Town Front Royal 
Old Winchester Pike 
Prospect Hill Cemetery 
Richardson's (Camp) Hill 
Riverside Farm 
Robert McKay House 
Rose Hill 
South Fork Bridge Site 
Thomas McKay House 
Vanoort House (site of) 
Waterlick Station (site of) 



4. FIRST WINCHESTER (25 May 1862)

County: Frederick, VA and City of Winchester

General Location: US forces held heights S of town, including Bower's and 
Camp Hill; CS forces advanced N along US 11 and along rte. 522

Size of Study/Core Areas: 4,041/1,393 acres

GIS Integrity of Study/Core Areas: 28/22 percent; Poor/Lost

Field Assessment of Study Area Integrity: Lost

USGS Quadrants: Winchester

Campaign: Jackson's Valley Campaign

Principal Commanders: [c] Maj. Gen. T. J. "Stonewall" Jackson; [u] Maj. 
Gen. Nathaniel Banks

Forces Engaged: [c] Jackson's division of three brigades (Winder, 
Campbell, Taliaferro) and Ewell's division of four brigades (Taylor, 
Trimble, Elzey, Scott), three regiments of cavalry, and 11 batteries (48 
guns), about 16,000; [u] Banks's command of two brigades of infantry 
(Donelly, Gordon), two regiments of mixed cavalry, and three batteries (16 
guns), about 6,500.

Casualties: [c] 400 (68k/329w/3m); [u] 2,019 (62k/243w/1,714m&c)

Significance: First Winchester was a major victory in General Jackson's 
1862 Valley Campaign. On the tactical level, the battle displays 
considerable finesse, particularly on the part of Ewell's division on the 
Front Royal Pike. Brig. Gen. Taylor's attack on Bower's Hill is considered 
a model brigade maneuver by military historians. The ultimate significance 
of Jackson's victory at Winchester was its strategic impact. Union plans 
for a convergence on Richmond were disrupted by Jackson's audacity, and 
thousands of Union reinforcements were diverted to the Valley and the 
defense of Washington.

Description of the Battle

Prelude: May 24, 1862, was a disastrous day for Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks. 
Learning that the Confederates had taken Front Royal and were closing on 
Winchester, Banks ordered a hasty retreat down the Valley Pike from 
Strasburg. His columns were attacked at Middletown and again at Newtown 
(Stephens City) by the converging forces of Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson. 
The Confederates took many US prisoners and captured so many wagons and 
stores that they later nicknamed the Union general "Commissary Banks." 
Jackson pressed the pursuit for most of the night and allowed his 
exhausted soldiers but a few hours sleep before dawn. 

Phase One. US Deployment at Winchester: Banks now deployed at Winchester 
to slow the CS pursuit. He had two brigades of infantry under Donelly and 
Gordon, a mixed brigade of cavalry under Hatch, and 16 guns. Gordon's 
brigade was placed on the US right on Bower's Hill with its left flank at 
the Valley Pike, supported by a battery of artillery. The center of the 
line (Camp Hill) was held by the cavalry supported by two guns. Donelly's 
brigade was placed in a crescent on the left to cover the Front Royal and 
Millwood roads with the rest of the artillery. At earliest light the CS 
skirmish line advanced in force driving the US pickets back to their main 
line of battle. 

Phase Two. CS Advance on Front Royal Pike: During the night, the advance 
of Maj. Gen. Richard Ewell's division (four brigades) reached Buffalo 
Lick. At dawn, he deployed his brigades astride the Front Royal Pike and 
advanced against the Union left flank. His leading regiments (in 
particular the 21st North Carolina) came under heavy fire from US forces 
deployed behind stone fences and were repulsed. CS forces regrouped and 
brought up artillery. After about an hour, they again advanced, this time 
sending regiments to either side of the high ground to enfilade the Union 
position. Donelly (US) withdrew his brigade to a position closer to town 
with his right flank anchored on Camp Hill. Trimble's brigade (CS) then 
attempted a flanking movement to the right beyond the Millwood Road. This 
movement threatened the US left and rear. This movement, in conjunction 
with Confederate maneuvers on the left beyond the Valley Pike, caused the 
Union line to collapse in this sector. 

Phase Three. CS Advance on Valley Pike: In conjunction with Ewell's 
advance on the Front Royal Pike, Jackson advanced the Stonewall Brigade on 
the Valley Pike at early dawn in a heavy fog. At Jackson's command, the 
brigade swept over a hill to the left of the pike, driving off the US 
skirmishers who held it. Jackson quickly placed a section of artillery on 
the hill to engage US artillery on Bower's Hill at a range of less than 
half a mile. Union sharpshooters along Abrams Creek began picking off the 
cannoneers. In response, Banks moved his artillery farther to the right to 
enfilade the CS artillery and heavily reinforced his right flank with 
infantry. Jackson brought up the rest of his artillery and a duel ensued 
with the Union guns on Bower's Hill. It now appeared that the Union forces 
were preparing to turn the Confederate left. 

To counter this threat, Jackson deployed Taylor's Louisiana brigade, 
reinforced by two regiments of Taliaferro's, to the left along Abrams 
Creek. Taylor marched under fire to a position overlapping the Union right 
and then attacked Bower's Hill. The Confederate assault swept irresistibly 
forward over the crest in the face of determined resistance. The Union 
right flank collapsed, even as the left flank was being pressured by 
Ewell. Union soldiers began streaming back into town. 

Phase Four. US Retreat: With the collapse of both flanks, Union forces 
retreated through the streets of Winchester and north on the Valley Pike. 
Confederate pursuit was lethargic, as the troops were exhausted from the 
non-stop marching of the previous week. Nevertheless, many Union prisoners 
fell into Confederate hands. Ashby's cavalry was disorganized from the 
actions of 24 May and did not pursue until Banks had already reached the 
Potomac River. 

Current Condition of the Battlefield

The battlefield of First Winchester has been lost as a coherent landscape 
to the growth of the city of Winchester. Most of the core area has been 
developed for residences on Bower's Hill, along US 11, and around the 
intersection of I-81 and rte. 50. US Artillery positions have been built 
upon and vantage points lost. According to a county planning official 1,
600 new residences have been approved for construction at the base of 
Bower's Hill along Abrams Creek. Access to Battery Hill (Hill 819) north 
of Cedar Creek Grade, west of US 11 and south of railroad tracks, would 
offer an interesting vantage point, although access is restricted. This 
site overlooks the field over which Taylor's Louisiana brigade marched to 
assault Bower's Hill, just south of the water tower. This same ground was 
fought over during the first day's fighting at Second Winchester when this 
hill served as a CS artillery position. 

Willow Lawn, circa 1765, is set back from the road behind an industrial 
building, west of US 11 and north of the railroad. Parkins Mill on US 11 
at Abrams Creek (burned in 1864 and rebuilt after the war). All historic 
structures are surrounded by modern buildings. The Winchester Historic 
District protects many buildings of Civil War vintage and offers a focal 
point for visitors. Beck and Grunder's "Three Battles of Winchester" 
provides a driving tour of the battlefield with stops at Camp Hill, 
Milltown, Williamsburg Heights, and Bower's Hill. 

Perception of Threats to Battlefield

The core area of the First Winchester battlefield has largely been lost 
and, according to a county planning official, 1600 additional houses are 
planned for this area in the immediate future. This will eliminate the 
remaining core area of First Winchester and decrease the size of the 
remaining core area of Second Winchester. 

Identified Sites and Features Associated with the Battlefield
(unsurveyed*)

Abram's Creek 
Abram's Delight 
Battery Hill 
Bower's Hill 
Camp Hill 
Cedar Creek Grade 
Jonathan Smith House 
Keckley Mills 
Middle Road 
Milltown 
Old Town Winchester 
Parkin's Mill 
Pritchard's Hill 
Tollgate (site of) 
Valley Pike 
Willow Lawn* 



5. CROSS KEYS (8 June 1862)

County: Rockingham, VA

General Location: South of rtes. 659 and 276, crossroads of Cross Keys, 
including the village of Port Republic

Size of Study/Core Areas: 5,450/2,153 acres

GIS Integrity of Study/Core Areas: 94/94 percent; Good/Good

Field Assessment of Study Area Integrity: Good

USGS Quadrants: Harrisonburg, Grottoes

Campaign: Jackson's Valley Campaign

Principal Commanders: [c] Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, Brig. Gen. Richard 
Ewell, Brig. Gen. Isaac Trimble; [u] Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont

Forces Engaged: [c] Three of four brigades of Ewell's division (Trimble, 
Elzey, Steuart) and Patton's brigade, about 8,500 engaged; [u] Blenker's 
infantry division (three brigades), three attached brigades (Cluseret, 
Milroy, Schenck), Bayard's cavalry, and nine batteries, about 11,500 men

Total Casualties: [c] 287 (42k/230w/15m); [u] 664 (114k/443w/127m)

Significance: The battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic were the 
decisive victories of Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's 1862 
Valley Campaign. At Cross Keys, one of Jackson's divisions beat back the 
army of Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont approaching from Harrisonburg, while 
elements of a second division held back the vanguard of Brig. Gen. James 
Shields' division advancing toward Port Republic on the Luray Road. During 
the night of 8-9 June, Jackson withdrew from in front of Fremont and at 
dawn attacked two of Shields's four brigades (commanded by Brig. Gen. E. 
B. Tyler), precipitating the battle of Port Republic. Fremont reached the 
vicinity too late to aid Tyler, who was badly beaten. With the retreat of 
both US armies, Jackson was freed to join the CS army commanded by General 
Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days' Battles against McClellan's army before 
Richmond.

In addition to its importance in Jackson's overall strategy of defeating 
two separated armies in detail, Cross Keys provides interesting lessons at 
the tactical level. By deft maneuver and clever use of the terrain, 
Confederate Brig. Gen. Isaac Trimble shattered a larger US force and 
stalled Fremont's attack. The ground where this tactical action occurred 
is pristine and enables understanding of this phase of the conflict. 

Description of the Battle

Prelude: The hamlet of Port Republic lies on a neck of land between the 
North and South rivers at the point where they conjoin. On 6-7 June 1862, 
the army of Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, numbering about 16,000, 
bivouacked north of Port Republic, Ewell's division along the banks of 
Mill Creek near Goods Mill, and Winder's division on the north bank of 
North River near the bridge. One regiment (15AL) was left to block the 
roads at Union Church. Jackson's headquarters were in Madison Hall, the 
home of Dr. Kemper, at Port Republic. The army trains were parked nearby. 

Two US columns converged on Jackson's position. The army of Maj. Gen. John 
C. Fremont, about 15,000 strong, moved south on the Valley Pike and 
reached the vicinity of Harrisonburg on 6 June. The division of General 
Shields, about 10,000 strong, advanced south from Front Royal in the Luray 
(Page) Valley, but was badly strung out because of the muddy Luray Road. 
At Port Republic, Jackson possessed the last intact bridge on the North 
River and the fords on the South River by which Fremont and Shields could 
unite. Jackson determined to check Fremont's advance at Mill Creek, while 
meeting Shields on the east bank of the North Fork. A CS signal station on 
Massanutten monitored US progress. 

Phase One. Skirmishing at Cross Keys Tavern: Late in the day on 7 June, 
Fremont's advance guard encountered Jackson's pickets near Cross Keys 
Tavern. A few shots were fired and the US cavalry fell back onto their 
main body, which was approaching. Darkness prevented further developments. 

Phase Two. Surprise Raid on Port Republic: Colonel Samuel Carroll at the 
head of a regiment of cavalry, supported by a battery and a brigade of 
infantry, was sent ahead by Shields to secure the North River Bridge at 
Port Republic. Shortly after dawn (8 June), Carroll scattered the CS 
pickets, forded the South River, and dashed into Port Republic. Jackson 
and his staff raced down the main street from headquarters and across the 
bridge, narrowly eluding capture (two members of his staff were captured). 
Carroll deployed one gun aimed at the bridge and brought up another. 
Jackson directed the defense, ordering Poague's battery to unlimber on the 
north bank. Carrington brought up a gun from the vicinity of Madison Hall 
to rake the Main St. The 37VA Infantry charged across the bridge to drive 
the US cavalry out of the town. Carroll retreated in confusion, losing his 
two guns, before his infantry could come within range. Three CS batteries 
unlimbered on the bluffs east of Port Republic on the north bank of the 
South Fork and fired on the retreating Federals. Carroll retired several 
miles north on the Luray Road. Jackson stationed Taliaferro's brigade in 
Port Republic and positioned the Stonewall Brigade near Bogota with the 
artillery to prevent any further surprises. 

Phase Three. US Deployment: Meanwhile, Fr‚mont, with Cluseret's brigade in 
the lead, renewed his advance from the vicinity of Harrisonburg. After 
driving away the CS skirmishers, Cluseret reached and deployed his right 
flank along the Keezletown Road near Union Church. One by one, the US 
brigades came into line: Schenck on Cluseret's right, Milroy on his left, 
and Stahel on the far left, his left flank near Congers Creek. Bohlen's 
and Koltes' brigades were held in reserve near the center of the line. A 
regiment of US cavalry moved south on the road to secure the right flank. 
Batteries were brought to the front. 

Phase Four. CS Deployment: Gen. Richard Ewell deployed his infantry 
division (CS) behind Mill Creek, Trimble's brigade on the right across the 
Port Republic Road, Elzey's in the center along the high bluffs. Ewell 
concentrated his artillery (4 batteries) at the center of the line. As US 
troops deployed along Keezletown Road, Trimble advanced his brigade a 
quarter of a mile to Victory Hill and deployed Courtenay's (Latimer's) 
battery on a hill to his left supported by the 21NC Regiment. The 15AL, 
which had been skirmishing near Union Church, rejoined the brigade. 
Trimble held his regiments out of sight behind the crest of the hill. 

Phase Five. US Attack and Repulse: Fremont determined to advance his 
battle line with the evident intention of developing the CS position, 
assumed to be behind Mill Creek. This maneuver required an elaborate right 
wheel. Stahel's brigade on the far left had the farthest distance to cover 
and advanced first. Milroy moved forward on Stahel's right and rear. US 
batteries were advanced with infantry lines south of Keezletown Road and 
engaged CS batteries. Stahel appeared oblivious to Trimble's advanced 
position. His battle line passed down into the valley, crossed the run, 
and began climbing Victory Hill. At a distance of "sixty paces," Trimble's 
infantry stood up and delivered a devastating volley. Stahel's brigade 
recoiled in confusion with heavy casualties. The Union brigade regrouped 
on the height opposite Victory Hill but made no effort to renew their 
assault. 

Phase Six. Trimble's Flanking Attacks: Stahel did not renew his attack but 
brought up a battery (Buell's) to support his position. Trimble moved the 
15AL by the right flank and up a ravine to get on the battery's left. In 
the meantime, Ewell sent two regiments (13VA and 25VA) along the ridge to 
Trimble's right, attracting a severe fire from the US battery. With a 
shout, the 15AL emerged from their ravine and began to climb the hill 
toward the battery, precipitating a mel‚e. Trimble advanced his other two 
regiments (16MS on left and 21GA on right) from their position on Victory 
Hill, forcing back the US line. The US battery limbered hastily and 
withdrew, saving its guns. A US regiment counter-attacked briefly striking 
the left flank of the 16MS but was forced back in desperate fighting. 

Phase Seven. US Withdrawal to Keezletown Road: Trimble continued advancing 
up the ravine on the CS right, outflanking successive US positions. In the 
meantime, Milroy advanced on Stahel's right supported by artillery. 
Milroy's line came within rifle-musket range of the CS center behind Mill 
Creek and opened fire. US batteries continued to engage CS batteries in an 
artillery duel. Bohlen advanced on the far US left to stiffen Stahel's 
crumbling defense. Milroy's left flank was endangered by Stahel's retreat, 
and Fremont ordered him to withdraw. Jackson brought Taylor's brigade 
forward to support Ewell if needed, but Taylor remained in reserve on the 
Port Republic Road near the Dunker Church. 

Phase Eight. US Attacks on the Right: Seemingly paralyzed by the 
decimation of Stahel's brigade on his left, Fremont was unable to mount a 
coordinated attack. He ordered Schenck's brigade forward to find the CS 
left flank south of Union Church. Ewell reinforced his left with elements 
of Elzey's brigade. Severe firing erupted along the line but quickly died 
down. CS brigadiers Elzey and Steuart were wounded in this exchange. 
Fremont withdrew his force to Keezletown Road, placing his artillery on 
the heights to his rear (Oak Ridge). Artillery firing continued. At dusk, 
Trimble pushed his battle line forward to within a quarter mile of the US 
position, anticipating a night assault. CS accounts describe the US 
soldiers going into camp, lighting fires and making coffee. Ewell ordered 
Trimble to withdraw without making the attack. 

Current Condition of the Battlefield

The battlefield of Cross Keys is largely intact, and the landscape retains 
a marked similarity to its Civil War-era appearance. Land use is primarily 
agricultural with some residential housing along the main roads. New 
houses on large lots have been built along the CS defensive line behind 
Mill (Black Anchor) Creek. Several historic structures in the vicinity 
remain: the Union Church (Ruritan Hall) and cemetery, an antebellum house 
adjacent to the cemetery, and the old Cross Keys Tavern behind the farm 
bureau co-op, an old house across from the farm bureau, and the Widow 
Haugh House adjacent to Lee-Jackson parcel. The Widow Haugh House resident 
points out repaired damage to the roof and interior walls of the house 
caused by a US solid shot. 

The Lee-Jackson Foundation owns 100 acres on Victory Hill, scene of 
Trimble's maneuvers and some of the most severe fighting. The road network 
appears to have been altered somewhat but historic maps are not accurate 
enough to allow reconstruction. The landscape is very hilly and cut with 
deep ravines making further assessment of small-scale features difficult 
without gaining access to perhaps a dozen private farms. 

The town of Port Republic is listed in the National Register as a historic 
district. The UDC has erected a small monument near the intersection of 
rtes. 679 and 659. Circle Tour markers were erected along rte. 276 south 
of rte. 659. One small section of the original road bed of the Port 
Republic Road may be seen just south of Victory Hill School along rte. 
659. Several old structures remain in the hamlet of Goods Mill, which 
played a peripheral role in the battle. 

Perception of Threats to Battlefield

Developmental pressures from the vicinity of Harrisonburg have spread 
south into the vicinity of Cross Keys in recent years, although the study 
area has not yet been impacted. Several large parcels of land are or will 
soon be for sale. Although the market is currently soft (1991), there is 
some fear, according to a local landowner, that these tracts will be 
bought by developers and subdivided. A county planning official stated 
that the dramatic growth of the City of Harrisonburg during the 1980s has 
slowed, thus easing developmental pressures south of the city. The growth 
rate for the City of Harrisonburg is expected to stabilize for the 1990s. 
Several very large poultry sheds have been built in the immediate 
vicinity, and although these are not technically "permanent," they can 
quickly overwhelm a viewshed if prominently placed. 

Identified Sites and Features Associated with the Battlefield
(unsurveyed*)

Black Anchor Creek and Heights 
Brick House* 
Cross Keys Battle Monument 
Cross Keys Tavern 
Keezletown Road 
Kempers or Kyle's Mill (site of*) 
Longs Hill 
Massanutten Peak 
Mill Creek 
Oak Ridge 
Port Republic 
Port Republic Road 
Trimble's Ravine 
Union Church Cemetery 
Union Church (site of) 
Victory Hill 
Widow Haugh House 



6. PORT REPUBLIC (9 June 1862)

County: Rockingham, VA

General Location: N. of rte. 659, S. of rte. 708, between South Fork 
Shenandoah and state rte. 340. Village of Port Republic

Size of Study/Core Areas: 4,936/2,145 acres

GIS Integrity of Study/Core Areas: 94/98 percent; Good/Good

Field Assessment of Study Area Integrity: Good

USGS Quadrants: Grottoes

Campaign: Jackson's Valley Campaign

Principal Commanders: [c] Maj. Gen. T. J. "Stonewall" Jackson; [u] Brig. 
Gen. E. B. Tyler

Forces Engaged: [c] Jackson's and Ewell's divisions, about 6,000 engaged; 
[u] Two brigades of Shields's division (Tyler and Carroll), about 3,500

Casualties: [c] 816 (88k/535w/34m); [u] 1,002 (67k/361w/574m&c)

Significance: The battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic were the 
culmination of "Stonewall" Jackson's Valley Campaign in which Jackson 
maneuvered to defeat superior Union forces by surprise, swift marching, 
and concentration of force. In May and June, Jackson's Army of the Valley, 
which never exceeded 17,000 men, inflicted more than 7,000 casualties on 
his opponents at a cost of only 2,500 of his own men, and tied up Union 
forces three times its strength. Jackson's victories infused new hope in 
the Confederate cause and contributed to the defeat of McClellan's 
campaign against Richmond. The battle of Port Republic was a fierce 
contest between two equally determined foes and was the most costly battle 
fought by the Army of the Valley during its campaign. At its conclusion, 
Union forces withdrew down the Valley, freeing Jackson's command to go to 
the aid of the CS army facing Maj. Gen. George McClellan's army in front 
of Richmond.

Description of the Battle

Phase One. Dispositions of the Armies: During the night of 8-9 June 1862, 
Winder's "Stonewall" Brigade was withdrawn from its forward position near 
Bogota and rejoined Jackson's division at Port Republic. CS pioneers built 
a bridge of wagons across the South River at Port Republic. Winder's 
brigade was assigned the task of spearheading the assault against US 
forces south of the river. Trimble's brigade and elements of Patton's were 
left to delay Fremont's forces at Cross Keys, while the rest of Ewell's 
division marched to Port Republic to be in position to support Winder's 
attack. 

Phase Two. US Deployment: Brig. Gen. E. B. Tyler's brigade joined Col. 
Samuel Carroll's brigade north of Lewiston on the Luray Road. The rest of 
Shields's division was strung out along the muddy roads back to Luray. 
General Tyler, in command on the field, advanced at dawn of 9 June to the 
vicinity of Lewiston. He anchored the left of his line on a battery 
positioned on the Lewiston Coaling, extending his infantry west along 
Lewiston Lane (present day rte. 708) to the South Fork near the site of 
Lewis' Mill. The right and center were supported by artillery (16 guns in 
all). 

Phase Three. CS Advance on the Left and Center: Winder's brigade crossed 
the river by 0500 hours and deployed to attack east across the bottomland. 
Winder sent two regiments (2VA and 4VA) into the woods to flank the US 
line and assault the Coaling. When the main CS battle line advanced, it 
came under heavy fire from the US artillery and was soon pinned down. CS 
batteries were brought forward onto the plain but were outgunned and 
forced to seek safer positions. Ewell's brigades were hurried forward to 
cross the river. Seeing the strength of the US artillery at the Coaling, 
Jackson sent Taylor's brigade to the right into the woods to support the 
flanking column that was attempting to advance through the thick 
underbrush. 

Phase Four. US Counterattack: Winder's brigade renewed its assault on the 
US right and center, taking heavy casualties. General Tyler moved two 
regiments from the Coaling to his right and launched a counterattack, 
driving CS forces back nearly half a mile. While this was occurring, the 
first CS regiments probed the defenses of the Coaling but were repulsed. 

Phase Five. Fighting at the Coaling: Finding resistance more fierce than 
anticipated, Jackson ordered the last of Ewell's forces still north of 
Port Republic to cross the rivers and burn the North Fork bridge. These 
reinforcements began to reach Winder, strengthening his line and stopping 
the US counterattack. Taylor's brigade reached a position in the woods 
across from the Coaling and launched a fierce attack, which carried the 
hill, capturing five guns. Tyler immediately responded with a 
counterattack, using his reserves. These regiments, in hand-to- hand 
fighting, retook the position. Taylor shifted a regiment to the far right 
to outflank the US battle line. The CS attack again surged forward to 
capture the Coaling. Five captured guns were turned against the rest of 
the Union line. With the loss of the Coaling, the Union position along 
Lewiston Lane became untenable, and Tyler ordered a withdrawal about 1030 
hours. Jackson ordered a general advance. 

Phase Six. Tyler's Retreat/Fremont's Advance: Taliaferro's fresh CS 
brigade arrived from Port Republic and pressed the retreating Federals for 
several miles north along the Luray Road, taking several hundred 
prisoners. The Confederate army was left in possession of the field. 
Shortly after noon, Fremont's army began to deploy on the north bank of 
the South Fork, too late to aid Tyler's defeated command. Fremont deployed 
artillery on the high bluffs to harass the CS forces. Jackson gradually 
withdrew along a narrow road through the woods and concentrated his army 
in the vicinity of Mt. Vernon Furnace. Jackson expected Fremont to cross 
the river and attack him on the following day, but during the night 
Fremont withdrew toward Harrisonburg. 

Current Condition of the Battlefield

The setting of Port Republic battlefield, along the South Fork Shenandoah 
River at the base of the forested Blue Ridge, is very scenic. From some 
locations the base of Massanutten Mountain can be seen to the north. The 
core of the battlefield of Port Republic extends from the village of Port 
Republic east to rte. 708, which approximately traces the main US battle 
line. The old Luray-Port Republic Road followed rte. 955 north from the 
village until joining present day US 340. (US 340 south of this 
intersection is not historic.) The ford over South River where Jackson 
built his "wagon bridge" is located just west of the confluence of the 
South and North rivers and can be reached by a dirt road off rte. 955. The 
North River bridge was at the end of rte. 1601. Fremont's batteries were 
deployed along the north bank of the South Fork, south of Lawyer's Road, 
in the battle's last phase. 

The main CS assaults of General Winder were carried out on the bottomland 
between rtes. 955, 708, and the river. The land remains agricultural and 
retains a strong similarity to its Civil War appearance, except for the 
railroad which was not there at the time of the battle (built 1892). The 
railroad artificially divides the battlefield but does not particularly 
intrude upon most viewsheds. 

The Coaling, which was the key to the US defense, is located just 
northeast of the intersection of US 340 and rte. 708. The Association for 
the Preservation of Civil War Sites (APCWS) owns about 8 acres of the 
Coaling, acquired from the Lee-Jackson Foundation. An 1880s house sits 
atop the Coaling where US batteries were deployed. Access to this property 
is encouraged but unmarked. 

The village of Port Republic is listed as a historic district in the 
National Register. Several historic structures remain in the area, 
including Lynnwood, Bogota, Frank Kemper House in Port Republic, and 
others. The Dr. Kemper house at the west edge of town, which served as 
Jackson's headquarters, is no longer extant. The ruin of Mt. Vernon 
Furnace in the area where Jackson's army bivouacked after the battle is 
situated in Shenandoah National Park along rte. 659. A driving tour of 
Port Republic could be laid out to view the battlefield with stops at the 
village, at the railroad (rte. 708), and the Coaling. Because of the 
terrain, Port Republic can be interpreted from public roads. The portion 
of the Coaling preserved by APCWS allows an expanded interpretation of the 
battle. The areas of major infantry fighting along the river are in 
private hands, but the logic of the respective positions can be understood 
for the most part from public roads. 

Perception of Threats to the Battlefield:

The bottomland south of the South Fork in the core area of the battlefield 
is owned by two or three large landowners. Several years ago the county 
denied one of the landowners a petition to establish a gravel quarry, 
partly because of concerns for maintaining battlefield integrity. 
Continuing integrity of the landscape is dependent upon landowners 
continuing to farm their properties. 

Identified Sites and Features Associated with the Battlefield
(unsurveyed*)

Baugher House (site of*) 
Bogota 
Brown's Gap Road 
Coaling 
Deep Run 
Dr. Kemper House (site of) 
Frank Kemper House 
Jackson's Prayer Tree 
John Lewis House (site of) 
Lawyer's Road 
Lewis' Mill (site of) 
Lewiston (site of) 
Luray Road 
Lynwood 
Mt. Vernon Furnace (ruin) 
New Haven 
Pirky's Ford 
Port Republic Battle Monument 
Port Republic 
South Fork Bridge Site 
South River 
Wagon Bridge Site 
Yost House (site of*) 



7. SECOND WINCHESTER (13-15 June 1863)

County: Frederick VA, and City of Winchester

General Location: Valley Pike (US 11 at Abrams Creek), Apple Pie Ridge and 
"Louisiana Heights" W of town, West Fort, Fort Milroy, and Star Fort; S. 
of present day Stephenson's (US 11 S of 761)

Size of Study/Core Areas: 22,274/3,113 acres

GIS Integrity of Study/Core Areas: 48/52 percent; Poor/Fair

Field Assessment of Study Area Integrity: Poor

USGS Quadrants: Winchester, Stephenson

Campaign: Gettysburg Campaign

Principal Commanders: [c] Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell; [u] Maj. Gen. Robert 
H. Milroy

Forces Engaged: [c] Second Corps ANV, two divisions (Early and Johnson), 
about 12,500; [u] Three infantry brigades (Elliott, Ely, McReynolds), 
numbering about 7,000

Casualties: [c] 269 (47k/219w/3m); [u] 4,443 (95k/373w/3,975m&c)

Significance: After the Battle of Brandy Station (9 June 1863), Gen. 
Robert E. Lee launched his plan for a second invasion of the north. He 
ordered the Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, under Maj. Gen. 
Richard Ewell to attack the US force at Winchester and clear the Lower 
Valley of Union opposition. In the resulting three-day battle (13-15 
June), Ewell's corps defeated, routed, and nearly destroyed a US division 
under Maj. Gen. Robert Milroy. This victory (the apogee of Ewell's career) 
offered high hopes for the success of Lee's second invasion of the North, 
hopes that were dashed on the battlefield of Gettysburg in July. In the 
words of Confederate artillerist Maj. Robert Stiles, "This battle of 
Winchester ... was one of the most perfect pieces of work the Army of 
Northern Virginia ever did." The battle was won by deft flanking maneuvers 
and underscores the inadequacy of relying on entrenchments when confronted 
by a mobile attacking force. 

Description of the Battle

Prelude (12 June): On 12 June 1863, the Second Corps of the Army of 
Northern Virginia under Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, three divisions nearly 
19,000 strong, entered the Valley at Chester Gap and pressed on to Front 
Royal. Two divisions under Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early and Maj. Gen. Edward 
Johnson continued north on the Valley Pike and the Front Royal Road to 
converge on the Union defenders of Winchester under Maj. Gen. Robert 
Milroy. Despite the superior forces that were rumored to be approaching, 
Milroy was confident that the strength of his fortifications would enable 
him to repel the Confederates or withstand a siege. The ridges west of 
town were heavily fortified and consisted of trenches linking central 
strong points or "forts". The strongest of these were Fort Milroy and Star 
Fort. West Fort, a redoubt of six guns, featured prominently in the 
action. 

Phase One. US Dispositions (13 June): On 13 June, Milroy advanced elements 
of Elliott's brigade to Pritchard's Hill at Kernstown and sent elements of 
Ely's brigade to intercept any advance on the Front Royal Pike. McReynolds 
brigade was at Berryville. 

Phase Two. CS Advance on Front Royal Pike (13 June): Edward Johnson's 
Division of four brigades (Steuart, Williams, Walker, Jones) advanced on 
the Front Royal Pike driving back Union pickets. Approaching the 
intersection of Millwood Road about 1400 hours, Johnson deployed and swept 
forward, driving Union skirmishers from behind stone fences. US troops 
withdrew to high ground north of Abrams Creek under cover of a battery and 
the heavy guns of Fort Milroy. Johnson brought up a battery and engaged 
Union field artillery, driving several pieces from the field. The CS guns 
lacked the range to reply to Fort Milroy's guns and eventually were forced 
to withdraw. Johnson's advance was stalled, and he awaited the arrival of 
Early's division to the west on the Valley Pike. 

Phase Three. CS Advance on Valley Pike (13 June): Early's division of four 
brigades (Hays, Smith, Avery, Gordon) marched toward Winchester on the 
Valley Pike in conjunction with Johnson's division on the Front Royal 
Road. Late afternoon, Early's column reached the outskirts of Kernstown 
and drove back the US skirmish line encountered at Pritchard's Hill. US 
forces retreated to Cedar Creek Grade and briefly counterattacked, but 
Early extended his line to the west, out-flanking successive Union 
positions. US cavalry attacked several times up the Valley Pike to ease 
pressure on the infantry. Eventually, the Union force retreated north of 
Abrams Creek under cover of the heavy guns from Bower's Hill and Fort 
Milroy. 

Phase Four. Milroy Withdraws into the Forts (13 June): After dark Milroy 
concentrated his forces inside a triangle defined by Fort Milroy, Star 
Fort, and West Fort. McReynolds' brigade reached Fort Milroy after 
marching a round-about route from Berryville, harassed by Confederate 
cavalry. Milroy's soldiers had fought well during the previous afternoon, 
and he was confident that he could withstand renewed Confederate assaults 
in the morning. In the meantime, Ewell ordered his third division under 
Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes to advance on Martinsburg via Berryville to cut 
off Milroy's retreat in that direction. 

Phase Five. Early's Flank March (14 June): At dawn of 14 June, one of 
Early's brigades (Gordon) swept forward to capture Bower's Hill with 
little resistance. Johnson extended his line to the right against very 
light opposition; there was fitful skirmishing in the streets of 
Winchester. Early and Ewell conferred on Bower's Hill and decided on a 
flanking strategy. Gordon's brigade and two batteries were left on Bower's 
Hill, while Early led his three other brigades back to Cedar Creek Grade, 
west beyond Apple Pie Ridge where it was out of view of US fortifications, 
then north over Cloverdale Plantation to Walnut Grove. His column was 
accompanied by 20 guns. While Early made this march, Johnson advanced a 
line of skirmishers on the right to occupy the Federals' attention. The CS 
batteries on Bower's Hill opened up, touching off a duel with the Union 
guns in Fort Milroy. By mid-afternoon, Early's force had gained a position 
opposite West Fort on Apple Pie Ridge. Eight guns were positioned on the 
Brierly Farm northwest of the fort, while 12 guns were placed in an 
orchard southwest of the fort. By this time the field had quieted, and the 
US forces believed that the Confederates had been repulsed from 
Winchester. 

Phase Six. Attack on West Fort (14 June): About 1800 hours, Early's 
artillery opened fire on West Fort. The twenty guns fired for 45 minutes, 
while Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays stealthily advanced his Louisiana brigade 
through the corn and wheat fields at the base of Apple Pie Ridge. On 
command, the brigade rushed forward across 300 yards of open fields and 
swept upward into the works. After a brief hand-to-hand struggle, US 
defenders abandoned the works, retreating to Fort Milroy. Hays was 
supported in the attack by two brigades (Smith and Avery). Early 
consolidated his line on West Fort Ridge, but darkness prevented further 
gains. An artillery duel continued until long after dark. After the 
battle, Ewell christened West Fort Ridge as "Louisiana Heights" in honor 
of Hays's brigade. 

Phase Seven. Johnson's Flank March (14-15 June): Ewell assumed that Milroy 
would retreat during the night and ordered Johnson to prevent his escape 
by cutting the Charles Town Road. About 2100 hours, Johnson (with 
Steuart's and Williams's brigades and 8 guns) marched north to Berryville 
Pike and west to Jordan Springs Road, where he turned north toward 
Stephenson's Depot. About midnight, the Stonewall brigade disengaged and 
joined the rear of the column, leaving one brigade (Jones) astride the 
Berryville Pike east of town. 

Phase Eight. US Withdrawal (14-15 June): After conferring with his 
officers, Milroy made the decision to try to "cut their way through" to 
Harpers Ferry on the old Charles Town Road. All of the cannons were spiked 
and their carriages destroyed. Shortly after midnight, the Union soldiers 
left their works so quietly that Early's Confederates did not know they 
were gone until morning. The column massed in the low ground between Star 
Fort and Fort Milroy, then moved down the railroad and the Valley Pike 
toward the Charles Town crossroad, just south of Stephenson's Depot. 

Phase Nine. US Surrender at Stephenson's Depot (15 June): Near dawn, 
Johnson's skirmishers encountered the head of Milroy's retreating column 
near the intersection of the Valley Pike and old Charles Town road. Milroy 
faced his column to the right on the pike and prepared to fight his way 
out of a "murderous trap." Johnson deployed his regiments along Milburn 
Road as they came up and advanced to the railroad and placed two guns on 
either side of the Charles Town Road railroad bridge. The rest of the 
artillery was deployed on the heights east of Milburn Road. As it grew 
light, US forces made several desperate but uncoordinated attacks against 
the bridge and railroad embankment. 

The Confederates were being steadily reinforced and repulsed each attempt. 
The Stonewall brigade now came up in line of battle north of the road and 
advanced to cut the Valley Pike. This was the final blow; Union regiments 
hoisted the white flag. Between 2,500 and 3,000 surrendered. Milroy and 
his staff, and other small units escaped to the west. (Note: US casualty 
figures for Second Winchester vary widely. This is explained by the fact 
that about two thousand Union soldiers not belonging to Milroy's command 
were in field hospitals in the city and were often added to the number of 
captured and missing. Milroy, of course, played down his losses.) 

Current Condition of the Battlefield

Contrary to popular perception, Second Winchester is not a "lost" 
battlefield. Because of the wide-ranging Confederate maneuvers involved, 
the battlefield covers a great deal of ground, but the major fighting and 
casualties occurred at five locations: Pritchard's Hill; the intersection 
of Millwood and Front Royal pikes (interchange 82 of I-81); Abrams Creek 
and Bower's Hill; Apple Pie Ridge and West Fort; and Stephenson's Depot. 
Three of these locations retain high levels of integrity: Pritchard's 
Hill, Apple Pie Ridge and West Fort, and Stephenson's Depot. The parcel of 
ground at Pritchard's Hill figured prominently in both battles of 
Kernstown and in the rear guard actions of Opequon. The parcel of ground 
at Stephenson's Depot figured in cavalry actions during the battle of 
Opequon and in the engagement of Rutherford's Farm (20 July 1864). 
Although the field over which the Louisiana Brigade attacked West Fort has 
been divided by the rte. 37 bypass, the terrain is still intact and adds 
to the interpretation of the battle. 

Central to understanding the Union ring of fortifications at Winchester 
are Fort Milroy, Star Fort, and West Fort. Of these, Star Fort is well 
preserved, while remnants survive of Fort Milroy and West Fort. Portions 
of related entrenchments survive on ridges north and west of Winchester, 
although the extent of survivals has not been measured. The view from Star 
Fort is essential for understanding the US position at Second Winchester. 
Access to Fort Milroy and creation of a viewshed among trees would enhance 
the ability to interpret the Union situation. 

The routes of CS flanking maneuvers (Early to the west and Johnson to the 
east) can be followed. Early's route traverses well preserved rural tracts 
north from Cedar Creek Grade along Apple Pie Ridge. The exact route can 
only be followed on foot across private property. Johnson's route crosses 
a portion of the Opequon battlefield and follows rural roads past Jordan 
Spring to the intersection of rtes. 761 and 11 near Stephenson. Much of 
this course is through scenic farmland, although the density of housing 
along segments of these roads is increasing. Driving this route offers an 
appreciation of CS strategy and of the final action at Stephenson's Depot. 

Many historic structures associated with the battle remain in and around 
the city of Winchester, including Taylor's Hotel which served as the US 
headquarters, and Cloverdale and Walnut Grove, which were passed by 
Early's flank march. 

Perception of Threats to Battlefield

The city of Winchester has grown up around the US defensive position, 
which was anchored by West Fort, Star Fort, Fort Milroy, and connecting 
entrenchments. In most cases, however, the ridge crests have been the last 
to develop as residential tracts have filled the valleys. As a result, 
Star Fort is well preserved; portions of Fort Milroy remain; and traces of 
West Fort can be located. Recently, housing has been built along West Fort 
Ridge ("Louisiana Heights") destroying or otherwise segmenting surviving 
earthworks. The northern portion of Fort Milroy was recently purchased for 
the purpose of development; the southern portion is owned by National 
Fruit Products. Seven acres of Star Fort are owned by a local preservation 
group, but the surrounding 50 acres are zoned commercial/business and are 
currently for sale; portions of earthworks at Star Fort are in need of 
stabilization; grounds would need to be cleared, planted with grass, and 
maintained to expand visitation and interpretation. Commercial and 
industrial development along rte. 522 intrudes somewhat on the viewshed. 

Of the five main engagement areas, Bower's Hill is a housing subdivision 
and site of a high school, elementary school, and water tower. A degraded 
portion of the field (also fought over during First Winchester) remains 
along railroad tracks west of US 11, but this land is scheduled for high 
density residential development. Johnson's position on June 13-14 at 
intersection of Front Royal and Millwood pikes lies beneath I-81 
interchange #82. Land contours have been extensively altered and viewsheds 
blocked by dense commercial/industrial development in the vicinity. These 
two segments for most interpretive activities have been lost. 

Pritchard's Hill is privately owned and remains in a relatively pristine 
state. The land between Pritchard's Hill and Bower's Hill has already been 
densely developed for residential and commercial purposes. The Apple Pie 
Ridge-West Fort parcel across which the Louisiana brigade attacked West 
Fort is bisected by rte. 37-bypass but is visually well preserved, 
maintained as pasture and apple orchards. Two historic stone houses 
survive adjacent to the highway, which runs through a ravine and is not 
particularly intrusive to the view from Apple Pie Ridge. An excellent 
vantage point for understanding this phase exists just south of the 
intersection of rtes. 522 and 679. 

The area south of Stephenson's Depot, site of the massive US surrender, is 
by far the best preserved parcel of Second Winchester. Except for power 
lines and towers, the land retains its Civil War appearance. This parcel 
covers much of the ground where the battle culminated, where the most 
desperate fighting occurred, and where nearly 3,000 Union soldiers 
surrendered; its significance should not be underestimated. The parcel is 
owned by a local developer, but is not currently serviced by sewage lines. 

Identified Sites and Features Associated with the Battlefield
(unsurveyed*)

Abrams Creek 
Abrams Delight 
Apple Pie Ridge 
Battery Hill 
Battery Heights 
Berryville Pike 
Bower's Hill 
Camp Hill 
Cedar Creek Grade 
Cloverdale* 
Collier Redoubt 
Entrenchments 
Fort Milroy 
Front Royal Pike 
Jonathan Smith House 
Jordan Springs 
Keckley Mills 
Kernstown 
Louisiana Heights 
Middle Road 
Milburn Cemetery 
Milburn Road 
Milltown 
National Cemetery 
Northwestern Pike 
Old Charles Town Road 
Old Town Winchester 
Parkin's Mill 
Pritchard's Hill 
Star Fort 
Stephenson's Depot 
Stine's Chapel (site of) 
Stone Houses 
Stonewall Cemetery 
Taylor's Hotel 
Tidball's Spring 
Tollgate (site of) 
Valley Pike 
West Fort 
Walnut Grove* 
Willow Lawn* 
Winchester & Potomac Railroad 



8. NEW MARKET (15 May 1864)

County: Shenandoah, VA

General Location: Vicinity of town of New Market, near intersection of I-
81 and rte. 211. Battle lines extended from Shenandoah on west to Smith 
Creek on east. Action extended from Shirley's Hill in the south to Rude's 
Hill in the north

Size of Study/Core Areas: 5,611/2,261 acres

GIS Integrity of Study/Core Areas: 74/67 percent; Fair/Fair

Field Assessment of Study Area Integrity: Poor

USGS Quadrants: New Market

Campaign: Lynchburg Campaign (Sigel)

Principal Commanders: [c] Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge; [u] Maj. Gen. 
Franz Sigel

Forces Engaged: [c] Two infantry brigades (Echols and Wharton), VMI cadet 
battalion, Imboden's cavalry brigade, and several batteries, totaling 
about 5,335, 4,087 of which were engaged; [u] One infantry division under 
Sullivan (two brigades: Moor and Thoburn), cavalry division under Stahel 
(two brigades: Tibbits and Wynkoop), and five batteries of artillery, 
totaling 8,940 of which 6,275 were engaged

Casualties: [c] 540 (50k/480w/10m); [u] 841 (96k/520w/225m)

Significance: As part of his 1864 spring offensive, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. 
Grant ordered Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel to advance south along the Valley Pike 
to destroy the railroad at Staunton and then to move on the rail complex 
at Lynchburg. Although outnumbered, Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge, former 
senator and vice president of the US, was able to concentrate scattered CS 
forces to meet Sigel's army near New Market. Sigel was decisively defeated 
on 15 May 1864, and the Valley remained in Confederate hands until Maj. 
Gen. David Hunter renewed the US offensive on 26 May. The battle of New 
Market is noted for the participation of a battalion of VMI cadets, who 
distinguished themselves in combat beside veteran troops. 

Description of the Battle

Phase One. Cavalry Actions: On 14 May 1864, Union cavalry under Quinn 
(mainly 1st NY Cav Lincoln) advanced south on the Valley Pike from Mt. 
Jackson, driving CS cavalry (18VA) under Imboden across Meem's Bottom and 
beyond Rude's Hill, where defense stiffened. Reinforced by a brigade of 
infantry under Moor, and Wynkoop's cavalry brigade, US forces again 
advanced with Imboden withdrawing to New Market. CS cavalry, fighting 
dismounted supported Imboden and established a line south of New Market 
behind Shirley's Hill. The CS line stretched thinly from Shirley's Hill to 
Smith Creek. Federals continued to advance, launching two attacks about 
2000 and 2200 hours, both of which were repulsed. After dark, Imboden 
withdrew farther to the south, after successfully retarding Sigel's 
advance. 

Phase Two. CS Advance: After midnight, Breckinridge brought most of his 
command north along the Valley Pike from near Lacey Spring. By 0600 hours, 
15 May, Breckinridge reached the Shenandoah County line. He halted near 
here to reconnoiter and about 0800 hours sent his cavalry and artillery 
forward to harass the US force under Moor at New Market. CS artillery 
unlimbered and fired from Shirley's Hill. Moor established his line along 
the old River Road with artillery on Manor's Hill and in St. Matthews 
(currently the Lutheran) cemetery. The rest of Sigel's infantry was spread 
out along the pike as far north as Edinburg. Brig. Gen. Julius Stahel 
arrived about 0830 and ordered Moor to withdraw some of his troops to 
Bushong's Hill. While Breckinridge waited on the rest of his infantry to 
reach the field, US guns at the cemetery and CS guns on Shirley's Hill 
exchanged fire. 

Phase Three. US Deployment/ Initial CS Attacks: About 1100 hours, Sigel 
arrived on the battlefield and established temporary headquarters at the 
Rice House. After reviewing Moor's dispositions he ordered his line 
withdrawn to a stronger position on Bushong's Hill, stretching between a 
bend in the North Fork and Smith's Creek. Sigel brought up 14 guns to 
support his position, leaving DuPont's battery at Rude's Hill awaiting 
orders. He placed cavalry on his left flank between the Valley Pike and 
Smith's Creek. Breckinridge deployed on both sides of the Pike and 
advanced his infantry in force, driving back US skirmishers. Imboden 
crossed Smith's Creek with his cavalry and attempted to outflank Sigel by 
moving north along the east bank. By 1230, Sigel had withdrawn entirely 
from the town of New Market. The 18CT and 123OH resisted the CS advance on 
Manor's Hill before joining the main battle line at Bushong's. 

Phase Four. Bushong's Hill: About 1400 hours, Breckinridge launched an all-
out assault against the US position on Bushong's Hill, using the 26VA, 
30VA, 51VA, and 62VA. The 62nd Virginia suffered more than 50 percent 
casualties. When the CS attack stalled under heavy small arms and 
artillery fire, the VMI battalion was ordered to fill the gap in the line 
near the Bushong House. About 1445 hours, the US cavalry under Stahel 
attacked up the Valley Pike, riding into massed artillery which 
Breckinridge had shifted east from Shirley's Hill. Stahel was repulsed 
with heavy casualties. About 1500 hours, Sigel directed a confused 
counterattack, which was soon repulsed. CS sharpshooters began picking off 
Union gunners on Bushong's Hill north of the farm, and Sigel ordered the 
batteries withdrawn. When the artillery fire slackened, Breckinridge 
ordered a general advance and swept the Union line off Bushong's Hill. In 
this assault, the VMI cadets captured a gun and many men of the 34MA. To 
the east near the Valley Pike, elements of the 34MA and 54PA continued to 
resist, covering the Union retreat. These regiments were eventually driven 
back, and the Union forces began a general retreat. 

Phase Five. Rear Guard Actions: On his own initiative, Capt. Henry DuPont 
(US) brought up his battery to cover the retreat. He unlimbered first near 
the Harshburger House, then withdrew his pieces rearward en echelon as the 
Confederates advanced. Sigel fell back to his supports at the Cedar Grove 
Dunker Church and cemetery and organized a holding action, while his 
confused troops reorganized. DuPont's artillery continued to slow the 
pursuit. About 1630 hours, Breckinridge ordered a halt to regroup 
confronting the US line at Cedar Grove Church. Imboden's cavalry returned 
from their fruitless effort to get in rear of Sigel's army to burn the 
Meem's Bottom Bridge across the North Fork (the creeks were swollen with 
rainfall). An artillery duel continued until about 1700 hours. 
Breckinridge was unable to organize another attack and, by 1900 hours, the 
Union army escaped across the North Fork and burned the bridge. Sigel 
retreated down the Valley Pike rapidly, leaving his badly wounded at Mt. 
Jackson. He arrived at Strasburg on the following day. 

Current Condition of the Battlefield

The Virginia Military Institute owns battlefield land and operates a 
museum and visitor center. New Market is one of two Valley battlefields 
that currently has facilities for visitors, the other being Cedar Creek. 

The New Market Battlefield Historical Park was established by VMI in 1967. 
The Hall of Valor was constructed on the battlefield and opened in 1970. 
The park contains about 280 acres: 24 acres of Shirley's Hill (recently 
acquired), about 40 acres east of I- 81 around the Pennsylvania monument, 
and about 215 acres at the Hall of Valor parcel adjacent to the steep 
bluffs overlooking the North Fork Shenandoah River. The park protects and 
preserves about ten percent of the core area of the New Market 
battlefield, but this includes several areas of the most severe infantry 
fighting. The cavalry field, east of US 11 to Smith's Creek, remains 
farmland. The village of New Market is listed in the National Register as 
a historic district. 

In spite a degree of the protection afforded by the battlefield park, the 
field survey integrity of the battlefield was rated low, due to the 
fragmented nature of the park and the prominent positioning of I-81, which 
is the most obtrusive feature. I-81 bisects the battlefield and 
battlefield park, and interchange 67 of I-81 empties at the base of 
Manor's and Shirley's Hill. The park is limited in its ability to 
interpret its separate parcels at Shirley's Hill, Bushong's Hill, and at 
the Pennsylvania monument. 

Two monuments were erected by veterans on the New Market battlefield and 
these are contained within the VMI battlefield park. The Missouri 
(Woodson) monument near the Bushong House commemorates the role of Co. A, 
1st Missouri cavalry that fought in the battle. The second monument 
commemorates the role of the 54th Regiment Pennsylvania infantry, located 
directly east of Bushong's Hill but separated from the main park by I-81. 

North on US 11 between New Market and the Pennsylvania Monument parcel 
there is light commercial and residential development, although this strip 
development is less dense than that south of town. New construction has 
occurred on Manor's Hill on ground associated with the opening phases of 
the battle along the access road to the battlefield park (rte. 619) north 
of rte. 211. This includes a large Day's Inn Motel and the New Market 
Battlefield Military Museum. The exhibits of the Military Museum cover all 
American wars with special emphasis on the Civil War. Monuments on the 
grounds were erected by the museum. 

The vicinity of Rude's Hill, Meem's Bottom, Mt. Airy, and the Cedar Grove 
Church is prime agricultural land that preserves the rural-historic 
integrity of this area. Meem's Bottom and Rude's Hill were the scene of 
many armed encounters during the war because these features formed a 
"choke point" on the Valley Turnpike. Confederate cavalry defended the 
North Fork Shenandoah River crossing and used Rude's Hill as an 
observation post. The well preserved estate, Mt. Airy, served as a way 
station for Confederate staff officers and partisans, including Henry Kyd 
Douglas and Harry Gilmor. Although not included directly in the 
battlefield study area, Meem's Bottom and Mt. Airy should be considered 
supporting resources. 

Perception of Threats to Battlefield

The battlefield park is divided into at least four separate parcels. The I-
81 interchange has spawned a commercial strip that physically and visually 
separates the northern and southern portions of the main field of action. 
The interstate itself divides the battlefield east and west. The view from 
Shirley's Hill to the Lutheran (St. Matthews) Cemetery looks directly over 
a commercial strip and the large signs that are typical along interstates. 
A large motel complex has been constructed between St. Matthews Cemetery 
and the interstate highway. Two parcels of land at the base of Shirley's 
Hill along rte. 211 (about 5 acres) are zoned commercial. New construction 
at these sites would further degrade the important view from Shirley's 
Hill. New residential construction north of town along US 11 in the 
vicinity of the Pennsylvania momument has continued the process of 
fragmentation. 

Identified Sites and Features Associated with the Battlefield
(unsurveyed*)

54th PA Monument 
Bushong Farm and Orchard 
Bushong's Mill (site of) 
Cedar Grove Church and Cemetery 
Harper-Rice House (site of*) 
Harshburger House (site of*) 
Indian Hollow 
J. B. Strayer House (site of*) 
Manor's Hill 
Meem's Bottom 
Mt. Airy 
Neff's Mill (mill race) 
North Fork Bridge Site 
Old Church Road 
Old Town New Market 
Rice House 
Rude House 
Rude's Hill 
Shirley's Hill 
Sigel's Hill 
Smith Creek Crossing 
St. Matthews Church (site of) 
St. Matthews Cemetery 
Valley Pike 
Williamson's Hill 
Woodson Monument 
Zirkle's Mill (site of*) 



9. PIEDMONT (5 June 1864)

County: Augusta, VA

General Location: Near village of Piedmont, crossing of rtes. 608 & 778; 
Piedmont is four miles east of the Valley pike, and seven miles southwest 
of Port Republic.

Size of Study/Core Areas: 9,340/2,693 acres

GIS Integrity of Study/Core Areas: 97/98 percent; Good/Good

Field Assessment of Study Area Integrity: Good

USGS Quadrants: Grottoes, Crimora, Fort Defiance

Campaign: Lynchburg Campaign (Hunter)

Principal Commanders: [c] Brig. Gen. William E. "Grumble" Jones; [u] Maj. 
Gen.David Hunter

Forces Engaged: [c] Two infantry brigades (Jones and Browne), home guards, 
and cavalry under Imboden and Vaughn, about 5,500; [u] Sullivan's division 
(two brigades under Moor and Thoburn), Stahel's cavalry division, and 
artillery under DuPont, about 8,500

Casualties: [c] about 1,500 (100k/500w/900m&c); [u] 875 (150k/650w/75m)

Significance: On 5 June 1864, the US army of General David Hunter crushed 
the smaller Confederate army at Piedmont, killing the CS commander 
(General "Grumble" Jones) and taking nearly 1,000 prisoners. Piedmont was 
an unmitigated disaster for CS arms in the Valley. The disorganized 
Confederates could do nothing to delay Hunter's advance to Staunton, where 
he was reinforced by Brig. Gen. George Crook's Army of West Virginia 
marching from the west. United, the US forces moved on Lynchburg. Hearing 
of Jones' defeat, Gen. Robert E. Lee first rushed J. C. Breckinridge's 
division back to Rockfish Gap (7 June) and then detached the Second Corps 
of the Army of Northern Virginia under Lt. Gen. Jubal Early to confront 
Hunter at Lynchburg (12 June). This detachment severely limited Lee's 
ability to undertake defensive-offensive operations on the Richmond-
Petersburg lines and served to open up the Shenandoah Valley as a second 
front in the 1864 fighting in Virginia.

Description of the Battle

Phase One. Cavalry Action at Mt. Meridian: Shortly after dawn, 5 June 
1864, US cavalry advanced on the Staunton Road and met CS cavalry under 
Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden at Mt. Meridian. The US troopers were driven 
back until reinforced and again advanced to Mt. Meridian, supporting their 
attack with ten field pieces. The Confederates responded with two guns. 
Imboden continued to delay the US advance, while gradually retiring. US 
cavalry incurred about 100 casualties in the morning's action. Fighting 
occurred around Bonny Doon. In the wake of the cavalry, US infantry 
marched south from Port Republic. 

Phase Two. CS Deployment at Piedmont: General "Grumble" Jones deployed his 
army in an "L" anchored on a bend of Middle River facing north and bending 
south along the ridge line. He placed his two veteran brigades (under Col. 
Beuhring Jones and Col. William H. Browne) on the left and center behind 
barricades of fence rails. His reserves, which consisted of home guards, 
were drawn up in the woods just south and west of Piedmont. Vaughn's 
cavalry brigade was in position along the Cross Road (present day rte. 
778) east of Piedmont. His line was supported by artillery. Jones made his 
headquarters in a tent in the yard of the modern McDonald House. 
(Imboden's cavalry brigade after the morning's delaying action withdrew 
behind Polecat Draft near Round Hill.) 

Phase Three. US Advance to Piedmont: About 1000 hours, US cavalry drove 
the CS troopers back to the main infantry line at Piedmont and then 
withdrew out of cannon range to await the arrival of their infantry and 
artillery. Moor's brigade arrived first and deployed to the right of the 
road into the river bend. They were fired on by CS skirmishers. Thoburn's 
brigade deployed to the left of the road in the vicinity of the Shaver 
House. DuPont arrayed his artillery battalion on the heights confronting 
the CS position. Hunter made his headquarters in the Shaver House. One 
brigade of US cavalry was held in reserve. 

Phase Four. US Attacks on the Right: DuPont massed 22 guns against the 
angle in the CS line, eventually forcing two batteries to retire and take 
up a position closer to Piedmont village. Shortly after noon, elements of 
Moor's brigade (18CT) assaulted the hill to their right front, driving out 
the CS skirmishers. Supported by a regiment of Thoburn's brigade, Moor's 
entire line advanced, driving back the advanced CS line on the northern 
brow of the ridge. Jones withdrew his infantry to barricades along 
Walker's Lane, reinforced his left to meet the US charges, and launched a 
counterattack. Fighting swayed back and forth across the fields. Hunter 
now reinforced Moor with Wynkoop's cavalry brigade, fighting dismounted, 
and renewed his attack. 

Phase Five. US Attack on the Left: While fighting raged on the right, Col. 
Thoburn led three regiments through a ravine and woods on the left and 
attacked across the Givens Run Valley. Mid-afternoon, he charged directly 
into a gap in the CS line that was opened when Jones reinforced his left 
flank. CS reserves were advancing to fill the gap but Thoburn's regiment 
reached the crest first, and a savage, hand-to-hand mel‚e erupted. About 
this time, Gen. Jones was killed, and the CS defense came unraveled. 
Inexplicably, the CS cavalry (Vaughn) witnessed Thoburn's attack but did 
not advance. 

Phase Six. CS Rout: Pressed on the front and rear, Confederate soldiers 
went streaming over the steep bluffs behind to wade and swim the river. 
All order was lost. A nasty skirmish was fought over possession of the 
ford to the rear of the Col. Crawford House. Stahel's US cavalry division 
advanced on the far left to close in on the village by the Cross Road. 
They were met by Vaughn's and Imboden's cavalry who at last came into play 
to act as rear guard. Some CS units attempted to stand near the Middle 
River Church and at New Hope, and US pursuit gradually slackened. The CS 
army lost about 900 captured. 

Current Condition of the Battlefield

Piedmont battlefield is located on the Middle River in an area of great 
scenic beauty. The battle is readily interpreted from public roads with 
minimal access to private lanes and farm roads. The landscape in much of 
the area is similar to its appearance at the time of the battle with some 
intrusions, most notably the Wampler-Longacre experimental poultry farm. 
This farm, with about a dozen very large barns, is situated just behind a 
major US artillery position and is visible from several parts of the 
field. One of the best views of the CS position is from this farm, 
although access is restricted. The site of the major US attacks on the 
right is in very good condition. Site of Thoburn's attack on the left 
along Givens Run is in good condition. There are considerably fewer trees 
along the river now than at the time of the battle. Round Hill was a CS 
signal station and anchored the far right flank of the CS cavalry. 

The Shaver House, which was General Hunter's headquarters, is owned by the 
same family as at the time of the battle. Various other historic 
structures remain, including the Finley House, Crawford House, David Beard 
House (Belmont), Mt. Horeb Church, and the old Garber barn; Bonnie Doon 
and Givens House in Mt. Meridian. Grand Caverns (Weyer's Cave) is nearby 
at Grottoes. "Jackson's Prayer Tree" is located just north of Mt. 
Meridian. Local landowners say that Jackson conducted a prayer meeting 
here in June 1862. Jackson's headquarters were in the woods near here. 
There is strong anecdotal evidence among local landowners that burials 
have been unearthed on Piedmont battlefield. 

Perception of Threats to the Battlefield

Much of the northern half of the battlefield, scene of the most severe 
fighting, has been placed in a county agricultural preservation district, 
which restricts non-agricultural development for seven years. Several 
property owners in the core area refused to participate in the voluntary 
district. Long-time residents state that they desire to "keep farming 
forever" and express concern that the government might take their land to 
make a national park. The agricultural district allows intensive poultry 
farming similar to the Wampler-Longacre farm, although densities of these 
barns are limited by disease considerations and may already be close to 
maximum density. The southern end of the field around the villages of 
Piedmont and New Hope has attracted some new residential construction and 
is served by county sewage lines. New construction along rte. 778 east of 
Piedmont or on rte. 608 between Mt. Meridian and Piedmont would tend to 
degrade the battlefield's high integrity. Round Hill is a distinctive 
feature of the area, dominating views from many parts of the battlefield. 

Identified Sites and Features Associated with the Battlefield
(unsurveyed*)

Beard House* 
Bonnie Doon 
Col. Crawford House 
Crawford's Ford 
Cross Road 
East Road 
Garber House (site of*) 
Garber's Hill 
Given's Run Valley 
Givens Mill (site of*) 
Humbert House (site of*) 
Jackson's Prayer Tree 
Jacob Miller House 
McColley House (site of*) 
Middle River 
Mt. Meridian 
New Hope 
Piedmont 
Rockfish Road 
Round Hill 
S. B. Finley House 
Shaver House 
Sheep Hill 
US Battery Heights 
W. L. Finley House (ruin)