TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Study Team and Acknowledgments
 
Executive Summary [not in WebRoots edition]

PART ONE: OVERVIEW [not in WebRoots edition]
1. Introduction 
2. Structure of the Report 
3. Battlefield Selection 
4. Study Concepts 
5. Battlefield Resources 
6. Archaeological Resources and Battlefield Burials 
7. Surveying Battlefield Resources 
8. Threats to Battlefield Resources 
   Population Trends 
   Loss of Agricultural Land 
9. Private Ownership, Preservation, and Public Access 
10. Summary 
  
PART TWO: CIVIL WAR IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY, THE HISTORIC CONTEXT
1. "The Crossroads of Our Being..." 
2. Geography and Strategic Importance of the Valley
   Streams and Rivers
   Valley Turnpikes, Roads, and Gaps
   Valley Railroads 
3. Overview of Military Strategy in the Shenandoah Valley 
4. Valley Campaigns 1861-1865 
   Actions in 1861 
   Jackson's Valley Campaign (March-June 1862) 
   Lee's Maryland Campaign (September 1862) 
   Gettysburg Campaign (June-July 1863) 
   Lynchburg Campaigns (May-June 1864) 
   Early's Maryland Campaign (June-August 1864) 
   Sheridan's Valley Campaign (August 1864-March 1865) 
5. Valley Battlefields: The Magnitude of Conflict 
  
PART THREE-A: SHENANDOAH VALLEY BATTLEFIELDS
1. First Kernstown (23 March 1862)
2. McDowell (8 May 1862) 
3. Front Royal (23 May 1862) 
4. First Winchester (25 May 1862) 
5. Cross Keys (8 June 1862) 
6. Port Republic (9 June 1862) 
7. Second Winchester (13-15 June 1863) 
8. New Market (15 May 1864) 
9. Piedmont (5 June 1864) 

PART THREE-B
10. Cool Spring (18 July 1864) 
11. Second Kernstown (24 July 1864) 
12. Opequon or Third Winchester (19 September 1864) 
13. Fisher's Hill (21-22 September 1864) 
14. Tom's Brook (9 October 1864) 
15. Cedar Creek (19 October 1864) 
  
PART FOUR: BATTLEFIELD INTEGRITY, THREAT, RISK, AND RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE 
[not in WebRoots edition]
1. Field Survey of Battlefield Integrity 
2. GIS Analysis of Battlefield Integrity 
3. Relative Importance of the Battlefields 
4. Threat Assessment 
5. Risk Classification 
6. Preservation and Interpretation Potential 
7. Summary 
  
PART FIVE: HERITAGE TOURISM [not in WebRoots edition]
1. Heritage Tourism 
2. Heritage Tourism Revenue Potential 
3. The Valley's Tourism Infrastructure 
4. Attitudes of County Planners Toward Developing Tourism 
5. The Potential for State Assistance in Promoting Tourism 
6. Conclusion 
  
PART SIX: ALTERNATIVES TO PRESERVATION AND INTERPRETATION [not in WebRoots 
edition]
1. Background 
2. Preservation Priorities 
3. Alternatives 
   I. No Action, Continuation of Status Quo 
   II. Enhanced Public Funding and Technical Assistance 
   III. Creation of One or More Affiliated Areas of the National Park
        System
   IV. Acquisition of Selected Battlefields for a Unit of the National
       Park System with Satellite Areas
   V. Acquisition of 15 Battlefields as a Unit of the National Park System 
4. Conclusion 
  
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND MAP SOURCES [not in WebRoots edition]
MAP INDEX 
  
LIST OF FIGURES [not in WebRoots edition]
Figure 1. Shenandoah Valley Study Battlefields 
Figure 2. The Shenandoah Valley, Jackson's 1862 Campaign 
Figure 3. Population of Shenandoah Valley Virginia Counties and
          Independent Cities (1860-2020) 
Figure 4. Approximate Population Density Per Square Mile 
Figure 5. Agricultural Land, Shenandoah Valley Virginia Counties 
Figure 6. Battlefields, Showing Public Access, Estimated Number of
          Landowners, and Acres in Preservation 
Figure 7. A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Shenandoah Valley 
Figure 8. Historic Features of the Lower Valley 
Figure 9. Historic Features of the Upper Valley 
Figure 10. Battles Ranked by Estimated Number of Troops Engaged 
Figure 11. Battles Ranked by Estimated Number of Fatalities 
Figure 12. Battles Ranked by Estimated Combined Attrition 
Figure 13. Field-Survey Ranking of Battlefield Integrity 
Figure 14. GIS Ranking of Battlefield Integrity 
Figure 15. Battlefield Core Areas: Comparison of Field Survey and GIS
           Integrity Assessments 
Figure 16. Summary of Battlefield Size and Rankings 
Figure 17. Level of Threat to the Valley's Battlefields 
Figure 18. Risk Categories: Summary of Integrity and Threat 
Figure 19. Summary of Risk Categories and Preservation Tools 
Figure 20. Preservation and Interpretation Activities for Battlefields in
           the Shenandoah Valley 
Figure 21. Criteria for Parklands 
Figure 22. Cost Estimates for Alternatives I-IV 
  
LIST OF TABLES [not in WebRoots edition]
Table A. Shenandoah Valley, 1973 Land Use/Land Cover 
Table 1. First Kernstown, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 2. McDowell, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 3. Front Royal, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 4. First Winchester, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 5. Cross Keys, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 6. Port Republic, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 7. Second Winchester, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 8. New Market, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 9. Piedmont, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 10. Cool Spring, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 11. Second Kernstown, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 12. Opequon, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 13. Fisher's Hill, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 14. Tom's Brook, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 
Table 15. Cedar Creek, Land Use/Land Cover 1991 



STUDY TEAM AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

National Park Service

Marilyn W. Nickels, Ph.D. Study Director

John J. Knoerl, Ph.D., Chief, Cultural Resources Geographic Information 
Systems Facility

Jean E. Travers, Historian, National Park Service

David W. Lowe, Principal Research Historian / Report Author

National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers
Katie A. Ryan, GIS Specialist
John J. Packer, Tourism Consultant

Consulting Historians
Edwin C. Bearss, Chief Historian, National Park Service
Jeffry D. Wert, historian and author

This report was prepared under the overall direction of Lawrence E. Aten, 
Chief, Interagency Resources Division, National Park Service, U.S. 
Department of the Interior.


Acknowledgments

Of particular value to this study has been the work of Ms. Maral Kalbian 
of the Frederick County Historical Society, who has been conducting an 
architectural survey of Frederick, Clarke, and Warren counties over the 
past several years. The extensive files of the architectural survey were 
generously made available to researchers for this study. These records are 
also filed at the State Historic Preservation Office in Richmond. It is 
hoped that this initial study will provide impetus for further research of
this nature to document more fully the historic resources of the Valley.

Many people offered advice and assistance, and none should be slighted 
although they cannot all be mentioned. We thank Edwin C. Bearss and Jeffry 
Wert for their guidance and expertise in serving as the study's consulting 
historians. Acknowledgement is due Mr. Ben Ritter of Winchester's Handley 
Library, Mr. Roger Delauter and Dr. Brandon Beck of the Shenandoah Valley 
Civil War Foundation, Mr. Joseph Whitehorne of Lord Fairfax Community
College, Mr. Michael Gore of Belle Grove, Ms. Kristen Sanders of the Cedar 
Creek Battlefield Foundation, Mr. Garland Hudgins of Friends of the North 
Fork, Mr. Ed Merrell of New Market Battlefield Park, Brothers James 
Sommers and Benedict Simmonds of the Holy Cross Abbey at Cool Spring, Mr. 
Peter Svenson of Cross Keys, Mr. A. Wilson Greene and Dr. Gary Gallagher 
of the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites, and Ms. Nellie 
Flora and Mr. W. A. Shifflet, longtime advocates of Piedmont battlefield. 
The assistance provided by Historian John Salmon of the Virginia 
Department of Historic Resources is particularly appreciated.