The Beginnings of San Francisco - Appendix



APPENDIX A. THE PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO

On the 17th of September 1776, Lieutenant Jose Joaquin Moraga founded the 
presidio of San Francisco, as related in chapter VI, and on the 9th of the 
following month, the mission of San Francisco de Asis, the religious 
services being conducted by Fray Palou assisted by Frays Cambon, Nocedal, 
and Pena. The mission was located on the ojo de agua Arroyo de los 
Dolores, the site selected by Colonel Anza near the Laguna de Manantial 
afterwards known as the Laguna de los Dolores, hence the name which the 
mission came to be called--Mission Dolores. The report of the store-keeper 
(guarda almazen) on December 31, 1776, shows a force of thirty-eight men, 
including officers, eight settlers (pobladores), thirteen sailors and 
servants, two priests (Palou and Cambon), and one store-keeper, 
Hermenegildo Sal: total sixty-two men at the presidio and mission. The 
servants included mechanics, vaqueros, etc., and four sailors landed from 
the San Carlos to assist on the buildings and in digging ditches to bring 
water from the stream. During the winter the adobe walls of the presidio 
were begun, and in January 1777, Moraga founded the mission of Santa 
Clara. In November of the same year he founded the pueblo of San Jose 
Guadalupe, taking the settlers from the soldiers and pobladores of San 
Francisco. In April 1777, the presidio was honored by a visit from the 
governor, Felipe de Neve, and in October the good padre presidente, Fray 
Junípero Serra, made his first visit to San Francisco, arriving in time to 
say mass in the mission church on October 4th, the day of Saint Francis. 
On the 10th he was taken to the presidio and for the first time looked 
upon the blue waters of the Golden Gate. Standing upon the summit of the 
Cantil Blanco he exclaimed: "Thanks be to God, now has Saint Francis, with 
the holy cross of the procession of the missions, arrived at the end of 
the continent of California; for," he added with pious pleasantry, "to get 
any further it will be necessary to take to the water." 

The first child born in the new establishment was to the wife of the 
soldier, Ignacio Soto. The babe was hastily baptised, ab instantem mortem, 
and named Francisco Jose de los Dolores Soto. The first burial was on 
December 21, 1776, being that of María de la Luz Munoz, wife of the 
soldier Jose Manuel Valencia. The first marriage was that of Mariano 
Antonio Cordero, a soldier of the Monterey company, with Juana Francisca 
Pinto, daughter of the soldier Pablo Pinto, married, November 28, 1776. 
The mission church was a temporary affair made of wood with a thatched 
roof. The foundation of the permanent church was laid with appropriate 
ceremonies in 1782. It was built of adobe and the roof was covered with 
tiles; it was commodious and handsomely decorated, and held five or six 
hundred persons. It still stands (1911) as originally built except that 
the adobe walls are protected with a wooden covering. 

On July 13, 1785, Moraga died and Lieutenant Diego Gonzales, who came with 
Rivera in 1781, was appointed temporary comandante. Gonzales remained 
about a year and a half when he was sent to the Sonoma frontier under 
arrest for irregular conduct. The presidio was in charge of Ensign Sal as 
acting comandante until the arrival of Lieutenant Jose Darío Argüello June 
12, 1787. Argüello remained in command until March 1, 1806, with 
occasional tours of duty elsewhere during which Sal took his place as 
acting comandante. In December 1790, the presidio had one lieutenant, one 
ensign, one sergeant, four corporals, twenty-eight privates, three retired 
soldiers--invalidos, one prisoner, and three servants; a total, with their 
families and the missionary priest, of one hundred and forty-four souls. 
This is the first census of San Francisco. It includes the mission guards 
of Dolores and Santa Clara, but does not, of course, include the Indian 
neophytes of the mission. In 1791 Argüello was sent to Monterey to relieve 
Lieutenant Ortega, leaving Sal as acting comandante at San Francisco. It 
was during this period that Vancouver arrived and was entertained by Sal. 

Hermenegildo Sal was a native of Villa de Valdemora, Spain, born in 1746, 
and probably came to California with Rivera in 1773. He was corporal in 
the Monterey company and witnessed Rivera's signature to the first land 
grant in California, November 27, 1775. He was made sergeant March 19, 
1782; ensign, May 29, 1782; lieutenant, April 27, 1795, and comandante of 
Monterey from September of that year until his death, December 8, 1800. 
Sal was an excellent officer, a strict disciplinarian, the best accountant 
and the clearest headed business man in California. During the greater 
part of his service he acted as habilitado--the accounting officer of the 
company. His accounts are in good order and are beautifully written. 
Vancouver was greatly pleased by Sal's hospitality and he speaks in the 
highest terms of the comandante and his wife, of the decorous behavior of 
their two daughters and son, and of the attention that had evidently been 
paid to their education. Sal's wife was Josefa Amezquita. His daughter, 
Rafaela, married Don Luis Antonio Argüello. Josefa married Sergeant Roca. 
Two sons entered the military company of San Francisco and both died 
early. 

The walls of the presidio, begun by Moraga in the winter of 1776-77, were, 
at the time of Vancouver's visit, 1792, completed on three sides, but on 
the fourth, or easterly side, a compromise was effected by a palisade 
supplimented by bushes planted to cover its appearance. The adobe walls 
were fourteen feet high and five feet thick. About the beginning of the 
century the fourth, or east wall was completed to correspond with the 
others. In 1812 an earthquake threw down a large part of the eastern and 
southern walls and nearly all of the northern wall. It also ruined the 
church and a number of buildings within the enclosure. 

The fort was built in 1794, on the site selected by Anza eighteen years 
before. The Punta del Cantil Blanco was a bold jutting promontory of hard 
serpentine rock about one hundred feet above high water. The fort was a 
formidable affair of adobe, horseshoe in shape, and pierced with fourteen 
embrasures lined with brick. It was about one hundred and twenty-five feet 
long by one hundred and five feet wide. The parapet was ten feet thick and 
in the middle of the fort was a barrack for the artillerymen. Eleven brass 
nine-pounders were sent from San Blas but I believe only eight of them 
were ever mounted. The fort stood on the extreme point of the rock, which, 
on the west, was sheer to the water. Vancouver, writing in San Francisco 
in October 1793, speaks of seeing on the beach eleven dismounted cannon, 
nine-pounders, with a large quantity of shot of two different sizes, and 
on the top of the cliff several Spaniards who, with a numerous body of 
Indians, were employed in erecting what appeared to him to be a barbette 
battery. The fort was finished in December 1794, and cost sixty-four 
hundred dollars. It was later rebuilt with brick. It was named Castillo de 
San Joaquin and was variously called by that name, the "Castillo," and 
"Fort Blanco." It was garrisoned by a corporal and six artillerymen. At 
Point San Jose (Black Point) there was erected in 1797 a battery of five 
eight-pounders for the protection of the inner harbor. In 1796 the force 
at the presidio was increased by a number of Catalan volunteers, part of a 
company of seventy-two men sent from San Blas at the request of Governor 
Borica. 

In 1795 Sal was made a lieutenant and sent to Monterey, leaving Ensign 
Jose Perez Fernandez in charge as acting comandante until the return of 
Lieutenant Argüello in March 1796. Argüello remained in command until 
1806, when he was sent to Santa Barbara and his son, Don Luis Antonio, 
reigned as comandante of San Francisco until his death, March 27, 1830. 
Don Luis was made a captain in 1818, and in 1822 was elected provisional 
governor of California by the diputacion, defeating by a small majority, 
Jose de la Guerra who was his senior in rank. Argüello served until the 
arrival of Governor Echeandía in October 1825, when he returned to his 
command at San Francisco. The last two years of his life he was only 
nominal commander, being relieved from active duty by Governor Echeandía. 
During Don Luis' absence at Monterey as acting governor and after his 
suspension in 1828, Lieutenant Ignacio Martinez acted as comandante. 
Martinez served until 1831 when he was retired with forty-one years 
service to his credit and was succeeded in the command of San Francisco by 
Ensign Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, then twenty-three years old. The force 
belonging to the San Francisco presidio had been from fifty-five to sixty 
men, guarding the missions of Dolores, San Rafael, San Francisco Solano, 
San Jose, Santa Clara, the pueblo of San Jose Guadalupe, and part of the 
time, the Villa de Branciforte and the mission of Santa Cruz. In 1830 the 
company had been reduced to about thirty men. Vallejo was elected member 
of the diputacion and during his absence Alferez Jose Antonio Sanchez 
acted as comandante, and after 1833, Alferez Damaso Rodriguez. In 1835 
Vallejo was made comandante of the northern frontier and removed his 
company to Sonoma, leaving Alferez Juan Prado Mesa in charge of San 
Francisco with a half dozen artillerymen. Later the regular troops were 
all withdrawn and the fort and presidio suffered to fall into decay: one 
old artilleryman, Corporal Joaquin Pena, being left as custodian of the 
government property. Pena's report of January 7, 1837, shows eight iron 
guns--three of them useless--eight brass guns--one useless--nine hundred 
and ninety-four balls, four muskets, one pistol, one machete, and a few 
musket balls and other trifles. Vallejo protested against the government's 
neglect and asked to have the fort repaired and a presidial company sent 
to garrison San Francisco but the most he could obtain was permission to 
repair the fortifications at his own expense. In January 1837, a company 
of milicia civica was enrolled in San Francisco, with Francisco Sanchez as 
captain, two lieutenants, two ensigns, and eighty-one men, among whom were 
William Smith and William Grey, presumably Americans, and William A. 
Richardson, Englishman. It does not appear that this company ever 
garrisoned the presidio or were assembled as a military body at San 
Francisco. In 1840 Vallejo, failing to receive any troops from Mexico, 
sent from his Sonoma force--still called the San Francisco company--
Alferez Mesa with a sergeant and twelve privates to garrison San 
Francisco. Mesa(*) and his men appear to have been in garrison in 1841, in 
1842, and perhaps, in 1843. After this there seem to have been no regular 
troops at the presidio. The walls were down and the fort was crumbling to 
ruins.

(* Juan Prado Mesa was grandson of Corporal Jose Valerio Mesa of Anza's 
company. He received a wound from an arrow in a fight with Indians from 
which he died in 1846.)

On July 1, 1846, Fremont with twelve of his men crossed over from 
Sausalito in the launch of the Moscow and spiked the guns of the Castillo 
de San Joaquin and then returned whence they came. Brown asserts it was a 
bold deed.(*) Fremont says that as they ascended the hill several horsemen 
were seen hastily retiring, while Brown says that there was not a Spaniard 
nearer than the Mission Dolores (four and a half miles). [Note 40]

(* Early Days. Chapter ii. The extracting of the spikes caused Lieutenant 
Misroon an infinite amount of trouble. Captain Phelps filed a claim 
against the United States government for ten thousand dollars for 
conveying Fremont across the bay from Sausalito.)

After raising the American flag in San Francisco Captain Montgomery 
remained in command until about December 1, 1846, when he was succeeded by 
Commander Joseph B. Hull of the Warren, Lieutenant Watson of the marines 
retaining the command of the troops on shore, succeeded later by Ward 
Marston, captain of marines on the flagship Savannah. Marston was 
commander of the force that marched against Sanchez in the Santa Clara 
campaign of January 1847. He was succeeded by Robert Tansill, lieutenant 
of marines on the man-of-war Dale. In March 1847, came the Stevenson 
regiment and companies H and K were sent to garrison the presidio under 
command of Major James A. Hardie. After the volunteers were mustered out 
in August 1848, Hardie resumed his position in the regular army--
lieutenant of Third artillery--and remained as commandant of the presidio 
with a small force of the First dragoons. By order of Colonel Mason 
Captain Joseph L. Folsom, assistant quartermaster, laid off a reserve for 
military purposes embracing the presidio and Point San Jose (Black Point). 
This reserve, as described by Captain Folsom in his report of June 23, 
1848, was bounded by "a line drawn north sixty degrees west and tangent to 
the eastern extremity of Alcatraz island to the summit of a high ridge of 
hills running sensibly parallel to the bay. The line extends five thousand 
two hundred and fifty-three feet from the bay of San Francisco to the 
summit of the hills, and thence south forty-two degrees west to the 
Pacific ocean. From this point on the coast the boundary runs along the 
beach to the old fort at the entrance of the harbor, and thence, still 
following the beach, to the point of departure."(*) The boundaries of this 
reserve may be sufficiently indicated for general purposes by a line drawn 
from the foot of Jones street to the summit of the Clay street hill at 
Clay and Jones streets, thence southwesterly to the ocean which is reached 
at Lawton, or L street, a most royal demesne of about ten thousand acres. 
Captain Folsom, in the concluding paragraph of his report says: "Should it 
ultimately be found that the reserve is unnecessarily large, it can be 
relinquished in part when no longer wanted." A map of this reserve, as 
surveyed by Lieutenant William H. Warner, United States topographical 
engineers, is given herewith.

(* Rudolph Herman Company vs. City and County of San Francisco. Agreed 
Statement of Facts. 13-14.)

Previous to the laying out of this reserve, Mr. Thomas O. Larkin of 
Monterey, notified Colonel Mason, governor of the territory, on June 16, 
1847, that he was, by purchase from Don Benito Diaz, owner of two leagues 
of land near San Francisco running from Laguna de Loma Alta (Washerwomen's 
Lagoon) to Punta de los Lobos, embracing the old presidio and castillo, 
for many years abandoned, deeded and granted on the 25th of June 1846, to 
said Diaz by Pio Pico, governor of California, and on the 19th of 
September same year, sold and conveyed by Diaz to Larkin for a valuable 
consideration. Larkin further notified Governor Mason that, in going over 
the land the previous May, he found that some troops of the United States 
government were in possession of the presidio; that they were living 
there; that they had torn down some of the buildings to repair others, and 
in some cases were putting new roofs on the houses. Larkin protested 
against his property's being used without his consent, or without 
compensation, and against damages sustained now or hereafter. 

In proof of his claim Larkin offered the following documents: 

Grant of two leagues of land known as the Punta de los Lobos, comprising 
all that property on the San Francisco peninsula lying north of a line 
drawn from the Laguna de Loma Alta to the Punta de los Lobos, signed by 
Pio Pico in the city of Los Angeles, June 25, 1846. 

Deed from Benito Diaz and his wife, Luisa Soto, for above grant to Thomas 
O. Larkin, in consideration of one thousand dollars in silver coin, signed 
in Monterey before Walter Colton, alcalde, September 19,1846. 

Certificate of claim of Thomas O. Larkin to the aforesaid grant, signed by 
Washington Bartlett, alcalde of San Francisco, October 6, 1846. 

These documents bore the following endorsement: 

"The United States troops are in possession of the presidio and old fort 
at the entrance of the bay of San Francisco, which are claimed by Mr. 
Thomas O. Larkin as his property. 

"Without making any decision for or against the soundness of Mr. Larkin's 
title as exhibited by this paper, the possession held by the United States 
will not operate to the prejudice of any just claim to said property held 
by Mr. Larkin. 

"Monterey, September 3, 1847. 
"R. B. Mason, 
"Colonel 1st Dragoons, Governor of California." 

On June 6, 1847, Captain Folsom in a report to Major Thomas Swords, 
quartermaster, expressed his opinion against the validity of Larkin's 
title for the following reasons: 

That the fort and presidio were on the land claimed; that they had been 
occupied by troops up to within four or five years and that one or more 
old Mexican soldiers continued to reside there; that he was assured by 
General Vallejo and Colonel Prudon that it was contrary to the organic 
laws of Mexico to sell or convey away any lands which might be wanted for 
"forts, barracks, field-works, and public purposes for defence"; that the 
title was not approved by the departmental assembly, as required by law; 
that the alcalde of the district had not certified that the grant could be 
made without prejudice to the public interest, as required by law; that 
Pio Pico, the governor, was not in Los Angeles on June 25, 1846, when the 
alleged grant was signed; but had left Los Angeles June 17th or 18th and 
did not return until July 15th, being at Santa Barbara on June 25th. 

Henry W. Halleck, brevet captain of engineers and secretary of state, in 
an exhaustive report to Governor Mason on the laws governing the granting 
or selling of lands in California, dated March 1, 1849, rejected the claim 
of Larkin as against the law, practice, and precedent of the Mexican 
government.(*)

(* Doc. No. 17. 131-182)

On the 28th of November 1848, the president of the United States appointed 
a joint commission of navy and engineer officers for an examination of the 
coast of the United States lying on the Pacific ocean. Among the duties of 
the commission was the selection of points of defence. 

Now enters upon the scene Mr. Dexter R. Wright, who produces a deed from 
Thomas O. Larkin and wife to the Rancho Punta de los Lobos, dated 
September 29, 1846. Why Larkin should claim on June 16, 1847, to be owner 
of the land deeded to Wright eight months before, does not appear. 

On the 28th of December 1849, General Riley, commanding the Tenth military 
district, advised the war department that the reserve made by Captain 
Folsom was greater than was required for military purposes; that the 
owners of the Rancho de los Lobos were willing to give the land occupied 
by the presidio and fort and the adjoining ground to the United States for 
purposes of fortification, and he thought it would be advisable to 
relinquish all the land that might be found unnecessary for military 
purposes, the designation to be made by the joint commission of navy and 
engineer officers. 

On the 31st of March 1850, the joint commission recommended the 
reservation of the following tract of land on the San Francisco peninsula 
for military purposes. 

"From a point eight hundred yards south of Point Jose (Point San Jose) to 
the southern boundary of the presidio along that southern boundary to its 
western extremity, and thence in a straight line to the Pacific, passing 
by the southern extremity of a pond that has its outlet in the channel 
between Fort Point and Point Lobos." 

The land thus described was reserved by President Fillmore, November 6, 
1850. 

On the 5th of April 1850, Mr. Dexter R. Wright entered into a bond in the 
sum of fifty thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his 
agreement to convey to the United States the presidio and fort tract and 
reservation and Point San Jose, in consideration of the relinquishment by 
the United States of all "control, occupation, and military possession" of 
the remainder of the Rancho de los Lobos; a very clever scheme to secure 
government recognition of his title. In the bond the presidio reservation 
is described as follows: 

Beginning at a point on the crest of a high hill, southeast of the 
presidio and marked by a stake which was established in the presence of 
Captain E. D. Keyes, Captain H. W. Halleck and D. A. Merrifield, Esq., on 
the 3d day of April, 1850; thence running in a northerly direction 
parallel to Larkin street, in the town of San Francisco, to low water mark 
on the southern shore to the entrance to the bay of San Francisco; then 
running along the low water line of said bay and of the sea to the mouth 
of the outlet of the pond between Battery Point and Point Lobos and 
southwest of the said presidio; thence along the middle of said outlet and 
pond to the extremity of said pond; thence in a northeasterly direction to 
the point of beginning. 

This was the presidio reservation secured to the government by Lieutenant-
colonel Juan Bautista de Anza when, on March 28, 1776, he erected a cross 
on the Cantil Blanco and directed the fort to be built on the point and 
the presidio under the shelter of the hill; his act creating, under the 
laws of Spain, a military reservation of three thousand varas--fifteen 
hundred and sixty-two and a half acres. The boundary lines of the Spanish 
presidio are those of the presidio reservation to-day with the exception 
of eighty feet cut off from the eastern frontage by an act of congress on 
May 9, 1876, and given to the city of San Francisco for a street. 

In November 1849, Captain E. D. Keyes, Third artillery, had succeeded 
Major Hardie in command of the presidio and on April 27, 1850, under 
orders from General Riley, he withdrew the military forces under his 
command to the reserve as described and bounded in Wright's bond, with the 
exception of those stationed at Point San Jose. 

On April 28, 1850, General Riley transmitted to the Adjutant-general a 
copy of Wright's bond, concurring with the opinion of the joint commission 
that the arrangement with Wright secured to the United States all the land 
that would ever be required for military purposes on the south side of the 
entrance to the bay of San Francisco, and recommended approval by the 
secretary of war. 

On June 19, 1850, the following endorsement was made on General Riley's 
letter by G. W. Crawford, secretary of war: 

"The agreement is disapproved. The acceptance of a quit claim to a parcel 
of land now, as I think, rightfully in the possession of the United 
States, might afterwards prejudice the right of the government to the 
remainder of the freehold embraced in the Diaz grant. 
G.W. C." 

The Diaz grant was finally rejected by the land commission, and thus was 
ended a most impudent attempt to grab several thousand acres of San 
Francisco's choicest residence district. I do not know how far Larkin was 
concerned in the fraud, but he made a claim for the property and fought 
for its possession. He was, in any event, unfortunate in his association 
with Benito Diaz. Another grant, for which Larkin was claimant before the 
land commission, was the orchard lands of the Santa Clara mission, sold to 
Castanada, Arenas, and Diaz. The claim was rejected on the ground that the 
deed was fraudulently antedated. 

The stake Captain Keyes placed on the crest of the hill to mark the 
southeastern corner of the presidio reservation was replaced in May 1850, 
by a cannon set in the ground and from this cannon Captain Keyes ran a 
line northerly to the bay, parallel to the line of Larkin street, and put 
up a fence on that line. The bearing of this fence was found to be north, 
seven degrees and thirty minutes west. The area of the reservation as 
described in the Wright bond and enclosed by Captain Keyes, was determined 
by Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, United States engineers, to be fifteen 
hundred and forty-two 60-100 acres. 

On October 27, 1851, the joint commission of navy and engineer officers 
modified their recommendation of March 31, 1850, and in accord with their 
report, President Fillmore on December 31, 1851, modified his order of 
November 6, 1850, to embrace in the reservation, only: 

1st. The promontory of Point Jose (Point San Jose) within boundaries not 
less than eight hundred yards from its northern extremity. 

2nd. The presidio tract and Fort Point, embracing all the land north of a 
line running in a westerly direction from the southeastern corner of the 
presidio tract, to the southern extremity of a pond lying between Fort 
Point and Point Lobos, and passing through the middle of said pond and its 
outlet to the channel of entrance from the ocean.(*)

(* Rudolph Herman Company vs. The City and County of San Francisco. Agreed 
Statement of Facts. 5-165.)

The act of congress of May 9, 1876, giving to the city of San Francisco 
eighty feet of the eastern frontage of the presidio reservation for a 
street, determined the fence of Captain Keyes to be the eastern line of 
the presidio, and the fence was set back eighty feet in accord therewith. 
It has now been replaced by a stone wall. In making his survey Keyes did 
not conform to the line parallel with Larkin street but ran easterly of 
said line thereby making a considerable reduction in the size of the city 
blocks abutting on Lyon street. The cannon planted by Captain Keyes was on 
what is now the northeast corner of Pacific avenue and Lyon street. 

In 1849 some repairs were made to the presidio to render it habitable and 
four thirty-two pounders and two eight-inch howitzers were mounted on the 
old fort. In May 1851, General Persifer F. Smith was succeeded in command 
of the Third division by Brevet Brigadier General Ethan A. Hitchcock, who 
removed the division headquarters to Benicia. In 1853 Lieutenant-Colonel 
Mason was engineer in charge of the work at Fort Point; Mason died and was 
succeeded by Major J. G. Barnard. The old fort was taken down and some of 
the material used in the new construction. The site was cut down to the 
water's edge and a new fort, Winfield Scott, succeeded the Castillo de San 
Joaquin. In 1857 Brevet Brigadier General Newman S. Clark, who succeeded 
Major General John E. Wool in command of the division of the Pacific, 
returned the division headquarters to San Francisco where it has since 
remained. The command in California has been held by some eminent 
soldiers; among them, Albert Sidney Johnston, Edwin V. Sumner, George 
Wright, Irwin McDowell (1864-65 and again 1876-82), Henry W. Halleck, 
George H. Thomas, George M. Schofield (1870-76 and again 1882-83), O. O. 
Howard, and Nelson A. Miles. 

The ancient presidio is no longer protected by its fourteen foot adobe 
wall, but its quadrangle is the parade ground of the post, and is lined on 
two sides by the chapel, officers' club, guard house, offices, and 
officers' dwellings. 



APPENDIX B. THE STREETS OF SAN FRANCISCO

In the Vioget survey of 1839 the streets were, as has been stated, very 
narrow. Vioget ran no east line for Montgomery street and consequently 
that street, being completed later, was the widest in the village and was 
made sixty-two and a half feet wide. Kearny street was made forty-five 
feet, five inches wide, and Dupont street, forty-four feet, this 
irregularity being probably due to want of knowledge in regard to the 
lines and when buildings were erected the street lines were made, in a 
degree, to conform. Kearny street was afterwards widened to seventy-five 
feet between Market street and Broadway, and Dupont to seventy-four feet 
from Market street to Bush. Vioget laid out five streets running east and 
west, viz: Pacific, Jackson, Washington, Clay, and Sacramento. These 
streets were forty-nine feet, one and a half inches wide. The Vioget 
survey was extended some time before the American occupation to include 
Stockton and Powell streets on the west, Broadway and Vallejo on the 
north, and California, Pine, and Bush on the south. Stockton and Powell 
were made sixty-six feet nine inches wide, Broadway, eighty-two and a half 
feet, California, eighty-five feet, and the others sixty-eight feet, nine 
inches, which became the regulation width for the main streets of the 
Fifty vara and the Western addition surveys; the exceptions being, in 
addition to California street and Broadway, Van Ness avenue one hundred 
and twenty-five feet, and Divisadero street, eighty-two and a half feet 
wide. The five westerly streets of the Vioget survey extend with their 
narrow width to Larkin street, the limit of the Fifty vara survey, and 
from Larkin street they were widened to sixty-eight feet, nine inches, by 
taking from the lots on either side. Market street is one hundred and 
twenty feet wide, and the main streets of the Hundred vara survey are 
eighty-two and a half feet wide. In the Mission the main streets are 
eighty-two and a half feet, except Dolores, which is one hundred and 
twenty; Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Sixteenth streets, which 
are eighty feet wide and the streets from Fourteenth to Twenty-sixth 
inclusive (excepting Sixteenth street) which are sixty-four feet wide. 

I cannot undertake to give the origin of all of the street names in San 
Francisco, but can give an account of most of the better known ones. Many 
of the names of course, require no explanation, as for instance, the 
trees, Cherry, Chestnut, Pine, etc.; natural objects, as Bay, North Point, 
and others; the presidents of the United States and statesmen of national 
reputation, as Fillmore, Buchanan, Clay, etc.; the names of states and of 
counties, and the numbered streets and avenues. In giving an account of 
the naming of the streets, I shall again pass beyond the time limit of 
this history and bring my account down to date. Prior to 1909, San 
Francisco enjoyed the distinction of having three sets of numbered streets 
and two sets of streets designated by letters of the alphabet. Two sets of 
the numbered streets were called "avenues" and one had the suffix "south"; 
one set of lettered streets had the same treatment. To remedy this 
condition, which was becoming intolerable, the mayor of the city 
appointed, in 1909, a commission to look into the matter of street names 
and recommend such changes as might be considered necessary. The 
commission in its report suggested many changes, most of which were 
adopted. The commission endeavored to avail itself of the wealth of 
material existing in the history of the city and state, and give to the 
streets names not only of historical significance but to add to their 
attractiveness the liquid beauty of the Spanish nomenclature of the 
colonial period. In this the commission was only partially successful, 
owing to a general opposition on the part of small tradesmen to having the 
names of their streets changed, claiming that they had established their 
business under the existing names and having, they said, an "asset" in the 
name of the street on which they were. 

I will give the streets in order, first, in the Fifty vara survey, then 
the Western addition, the Hundred vara survey, and the Mission. 

The Fifty vara survey is that part of the city lying between Market and 
Larkin streets and the bay. The street on the water front, which, when 
completed, will run from the presidio line to the San Mateo county 
boundary, was named by the commission of 1909, The Embarcadero (the 
Landing). That portion of it within the completed sea wall had been named 
East street North, and East street South, according to its extension to 
the north or south of Market street. On the Embarcadero the numbers 
indicate the location of buildings--odd numbers to the north, and even 
numbers to the south of Market street. Next west of the Embarcadero is: 

DRUMM street was named for Lieutenant Drum who was adjutant of the 
department during the civil war; afterwards adjutant-general of the army. 

DAVIS street was named for William Heath Davis at the instance of William 
D. M. Howard. 

BATTERY street was so named because of the battery erected by Lieutenant 
Misroon on Clark's Point. 

SANSOME street was originally named Sloat street in honor of the commodore 
and it so appears on the alcalde map of 1847; but between February 22d and 
July 18th of that year the name was changed to Sansome. 

LEIDESDORFF street was named for William A. Leidesdorff. 

MONTGOMERY street was named for Commander John B. Montgomery of the 
Portsmouth. The name of Montgomery avenue was changed to 

COLUMBUS avenue, in honor of Christopher Columbus, by the commission of 
1909, in order to avoid the confusion resulting from two streets bearing 
the same name. 

KEARNY street was named for Stephen Watts Kearny, military governor of 
California, March 1, 1847, to May 31, 1847. 

DUPONT street was named for Captain Samuel F. Du Pont, who commanded the 
flagship Congress and afterwards the sloop-of-war Cyane. This street was 
the original "Calle de la Fundacion" of Richardson and ran from about the 
line of California street north-northwest. It was later swung into line 
with the other streets by Jasper O'Farrell. The street acquired an 
unsavory reputation by becoming the residence of an undesirable class of 
citizens. When these disreputable residents were removed some years ago, 
the name of the street was changed to 

GRANT avenue, by which it is now known. 

STOCKTON street was named for Commodore Robert F. Stockton, military 
governor of California, August 22, 1846 to January 19, 1847. 

POWELL Street is supposed to have been named in honor of Doctor W. J. 
Powell, surgeon United States sloop-of-war Warren, conquest of California. 

MASON street was named for Richard B. Mason, colonel First dragoons and 
military governor of California, May 31, 1847, to April 13, 1849. 

TAYLOR street was named for Zachary Taylor, the hero of Buena Vista and 
twelfth president of the United States. 

JONES street was named for Doctor Elbert P. Jones, first editor of the 
California Star and member of the council of 1847. 

LEAVENWORTH street after the Rev. Thaddeus M. Leavenworth, chaplain First 
New York regiment; alcalde of San Francisco. 

HYDE street after George Hyde, secretary of Commodore Stockton on the 
Congress; alcalde of San Francisco. 

LARKIN street was named for Thomas O. Larkin, United States consul at 
Monterey and secret agent of the government before the conquest. 

GREEN street was named for Talbot H. Green who came with the Bartleson 
party in 1841 and was a prominent citizen of San Francisco. An account of 
him appears in chapter xvii. 

VALLEJO street was named for Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. 

HALLECK street was named for Captain Henry Wagner Halleck. 

PACIFIC, CLAY, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA and PINE streets require no 
explanation, except that Pacific street was originally named for Alcalde 
Washington A. Bartlett and the original name of Sacramento street was 
Howard street, named for William D. M. Howard. Why these names were 
changed does not appear. 

BUSH street was named, it is said, for Doctor J. P. Bush, an early 
resident. 

SUTTER street was named for John A. Sutter. 

POST street was named for Gabriel B. Post who came in 1847; member of the 
ayuntamiento of 1849. 

GEARY street was named for John W. Geary, first alcalde, 1849-50, and 
first mayor under the charter. 

O'FARRELL street was named for Jasper O'Farrell. 

ELLIS street was named for Alfred J. Ellis who came in 1847; member of the 
ayuntamiento of 1849, and of the constitutional convention. 

EDDY street was named for William M. Eddy the surveyor. He completed the 
survey of the city under the charter of 1850. 

TURK street was named for Frank Turk, clerk of the ayuntamiento and second 
alcalde. 

GOLDEN GATE avenue was originally named Tyler street for John Tyler, tenth 
president of the United States, but after the opening of Golden Gate park 
the street was asphalted, made the driveway to the park, and the name 
changed. 

MCALLISTER street was named for Hall McAllister the eminent jurist. 

This completes the origin of the streets' names, so far as any explanation 
may be necessary, of the Fifty vara survey. The description of the streets 
of the Hundred vara survey would perhaps be next in order as these two 
surveys comprised the extent of the city as defined by the charter of 
1850; but for convenience I will continue the streets north of Market 
street, comprising the Western addition and the adjoining Outside Lands 
survey. 

HAYES street was named for Colonel Thomas Hayes, county clerk from 1853 to 
1856. He had a large tract of land in what was known as Hayes' valley 
which the Van Ness ordinance confirmed to him. He was one of Terry's 
seconds in his duel with Broderick. 

PAGE street was named for Robert C. Page, clerk to the board of assistant 
aldermen, 1851 to 1856. 

HAIGHT street for Fletcher M. Haight, a prominent lawyer of San Francisco 
and later United States district judge for the Southern district of 
California. 

WALLER Street for R. H. Waller, city recorder in 1851, also in 1854. 

ANZA street (Outside Lands survey) was named by the commission of 1909 in 
honor of the father of San Francisco, Lieutenant-colonel Juan Bautista de 
Anza. 

BALBOA street, in honor of the discoverer of the Pacific ocean, Vasco 
Nunez de Balboa. 

CABRILLO street, in honor of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo the navigator. 

LINCOLN way, in honor of Abraham Lincoln. 

IRVING street, for Washington Irving. 

J UDAH street, for Theodore D. Judah. 

KIRKHAM street, for General Ralph W. Kirkham. 

LAWTON street, for General Henry W. Lawton. 

MORAGA street, for Lieutenant Jose Joaquin Moraga, founder of the presidio 
and mission of San Francisco. 

NORIEGA street, for Jose de la Guerra y Noriega. 

ORTEGA street, for Jose Francisco de Ortega, discoverer of the Bay of San 
Francisco. 

PACHECO street, for Juan Salvio Pacheco, soldier of Anza's company and one 
of the founders of San Francisco. 

QUINTARA street, for Spanish family. 

RIVERA street, for Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada, comandante of 
California. 

SANTIAGO street, Spanish battle cry. 

TARAVAL street, Indian guide, Anza expedition. 

ULLOA street, for Francisco de Ulloa, the navigator. 

VICENTE street, Spanish name. 

WAWONA street, Indian name. 

YORBA street, for Antonio Yorba, sergeant of Catalan volunteers, with 
Portola expedition, 1769; sergeant of San Francisco company, 1777. 

These names were given by the commission of 1909, not only for the 
historical value some of them possess, but to preserve the order of the 
alphabet, the streets having been lettered. 

POLK street was named for James K. Polk, eleventh president of the United 
States. 

VAN NESS avenue, for James Van Ness, mayor of San Francisco 1856, and 
author of the Van Ness ordinance which confirmed title to the actual 
possessors on January 1, 1855, of property west of Larkin street. Mr. Van 
Ness' residence was Western addition block 73, bounded by Van Ness avenue, 
Franklin, Hayes, and Fell streets. 

FRANKLIN street may have been named for Selim Franklin, a pioneer 
merchant. 

GOUGH street was named for Charles H. (Charley) Gough. In 1850 he sold 
milk for J. W. Harlan, at four dollars a gallon, carrying it on horseback 
in two two and a half gallon cans, one swung on each side of the saddle 
pommel. In 1855 he was a member of the board of aldermen and was appointed 
on a committee to lay out the streets in the Western addition. 

LAGUNA street was named for Washerwomen's lagoon. 

OCTAVIA, BUCHANAN, WEBSTER, PIERCE, and SCOTT require no explanation. 

STEINER street was probably named for some friend of Alderman Gough. 

DIVISADERO street was named for its position: the summit of a high hill. 
The name comes from the verb divisar--to descry at a distance. Divisadero: 
a point from which one can look far. The Spanish name for Lone mountain 
was El Divisadero. 

BRODERICK street, for David Colbert Broderick. 

BAKER street, for Colonel E. D. Baker. 

LYON street, for Nathaniel Lyon, captain of C Troop, 1st dragoons. In 1849 
he punished the Indians of Clear Lake for murder and then marched to the 
Oregon border to punish the Pitt river Indians for the murder of 
Lieutenant Warner and recover his body, which was found near Goose lake. 
Lyon, then a general officer, was killed at the battle of Wilson's creek, 
Missouri, August 10, 1861. 

ARGÜELLO boulevard was named by the commission of 1909 for Jose Darío 
Argüello, comandante of San Francisco, 1785-1806; governor, ad interim, 
1814-15. 

LA PLAYA (The Beach) was the name given by the commission to the street 
next to the ocean beach and running parallel with it. 

The Hundred vara survey is that part of the city which is south of Market 
street and east of Ninth (formerly Johnston) street. South of Ninth street 
and extending to Thirtieth is the Mission Dolores, or the Mission, as it 
is usually called. The Mission extends from Harrison street on the east to 
the hills of the San Miguel rancho (Twin Peaks) on the west. East of 
Harrison street is the Potrero Nuevo, extending from Division street on 
the north to Islais creek on the south. South of Islais creek is the 
Potrero Viejo, commonly called South San Francisco. This extends to the 
San Mateo county line. To the west of the Potrero Viejo, or South San 
Francisco, are a number of small subdivisions, bearing various names, each 
having its own survey. 

The street next to the Embarcadero in the Hundred vara survey is 

STEUART street, named for William M. Steuart who came as secretary to 
Commodore Jones on the line-of-battle ship Ohio in 1848. He was a member 
of the ayuntamiento in 1849-50 and chairman of the judiciary committee. In 
the records of the ayuntamiento to December 1, 1849, his name is spelled 
Stewart. From that date it is Steuart. He was one of the delegates from 
San Francisco to the constitutional convention and was, at times, acting 
chairman. He was a candidate for governor in the election of November 
1849. 

SPEAR street was named for Nathan Spear who was one of the earliest 
merchants of San Francisco (see chapter xiv) and was upright and honorable 
in all his dealings. He died in San Francisco in 1849, at the age of 47. 

BEALE street was named for Lieutenant Edward F. Beale, United States navy. 
Beale took an active part in the conquest of California serving as 
lieutenant with the California battalion; later he was surveyor-general of 
the state and at one time United States minister to Austria. 

FREMONT street was named for Colonel John C. Fremont. 

MARKET street is the dividing line between the Fifty and Hundred vara 
surveys, the Western addition, and the Mission Dolores. It runs 
diagonally, from northeast to southwest and cuts the city in two. The 
streets of the Hundred vara survey, run parallel with, and at right angles 
to it. The name was probably suggested by Market street, Philadelphia. 

MISSION Street was the first street opened in the southern portion of the 
city and followed the road to the mission. 

STEVENSON street, between Market and Mission, was named for Jonathan Drake 
Stevenson, colonel of the First New York volunteers. The blocks in the 
Hundred vara survey were so large that it was found necessary to run what 
were called sub-division streets through them. Many of these have names of 
no significance, such as Annie, Jessie, Clementina, etc. 

NATOMA street, a sub-division street, was originally named Mellus street 
for Henry Mellus, Howard's partner; but after the quarrel between the 
partners it was changed to Natoma. The name is that of an Indian tribe on 
the American river. 

HOWARD street was named for W. D. M. Howard. 

FOLSOM street was named for Captain Joseph L. Folsom. 

HARRISON street was named for Edward H. Harrison, quartermaster's clerk of 
First New York volunteers, collector of the port, member of the 
ayuntamiento, and member of the firm of DeWitt and Harrison. 

BRYANT street was named for Edwin Bryant who succeeded Lieutenant Bartlett 
as alcalde of San Francisco. Bryant served in the California battalion as 
first lieutenant of company H. 

BRANNAN street was named for Elder Samuel Brannan. 

BLUXOME street was named for Isaac Bluxome, Jr., a prominent business man. 

TOWNSEND street was named for Doctor John Townsend, a native of Virginia 
who came overland with the Stevens party in 1844. He took part in the 
Micheltorena campaign as aid to Captain Sutter, was alcalde of San 
Francisco in 1848, and member of the ayuntamiento, 1849. He died of 
cholera in December 1850, or January 1851. 

VALENCIA street was named for the family of Jose Manuel Valencia, a 
soldier of Anza's company. 

GUERRERO street was named for Francisco Guerrero. His biography is in 
chapter xv. 

DOLORES street was named for the mission and contains the mission church. 

SANCHEZ street was named for the family of Jose Antonio Sanchez, a soldier 
of Anza's company. 

NOE street was named for Jose de Jesus Noe. A brief biography of him is 
given in chapter xv. 

CASTRO street was named for the family of Joaquin Isidro de Castro, a 
soldier of Anza's company. 

The streets of the Potrero Nuevo ("The Potrero") are mostly names of 
states for the streets running north and south, and those running east and 
west are the continuation of the numbered streets of the Mission Dolores. 
The streets in the Potrero Viejo (South San Francisco) were mainly 
numbered "avenues" and lettered streets. These names the commission 
insisted on changing, giving the following names to the avenues: 

ARTHUR ayenue, for Chester A. Arthur, twenty-first president of the United 
States. 

BURKE avenue, for General John Burke of the Revolutionary army. 

CUSTER avenue, for General George A. Custer United States army, killed in 
a battle with the Sioux under Sitting Bull, on the Little Big Horn river 
in Montana, June 25, 1876. 

DAVIDSON avenue, for Professor George Davidson, the eminent scientist and 
engineer. 

EVANS avenue, for Rear-admiral Robley D. Evans of the United States navy. 

FAIRFAX avenue, for Thomas Fairfax, sixth Baron Fairfax, who became an 
American colonist, friend of Washington, and died near Winchester, 
Virginia, March 12, 1782. 

GALVEZ avenue, for Don Jose de Galvez, visitador-general of Spain and 
member of the council of the Indies, who organized the expedition 
commanded by Portola, 1768-69. 

HUDSON avenue, for Henry Hudson, English navigator, discoverer of Hudson 
river and Hudson's bay. 

INNESS avenue, for George Inness the noted American landscape painter. 

J ERROLD avenue, for Douglas William Jerrold, English dramatist and 
humorist. 

KIRKWOOD avenue, for Samuel J. Kirkwood, war governor of Iowa. 

LA SALLE avenue, for Robert Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle, French explorer, 
discoverer of the Ohio river. 

MCKINNON avenue, for Father McKinnon, chaplain of First California 
volunteers, Spanish war, who died in the Philippines. 

NEWCOMBE avenue, for Samuel Newcombe, the distinguished astronomer. 

PALOU avenue, for Fray Francisco Palou, companion of Junípero Serra, and 
his historian. 

QUESADA avenue, for Gonzalo Ximinez de Quesada, Spanish explorer and 
conqueror of New Granada. 

REVERE avenue, for Paul Revere, American patriot and hero of the midnight 
ride. 

SHAFTER avenue, for General William R. Shafter, commander of the United 
States army in Cuba. 

THOMAS avenue, for General George H. Thomas, "The Rock of Chickamauga." 

UNDERWOOD avenue, for General Franklin Underwood, United States army. 

VAN DYKE avenue, for Walter Van Dyke, justice of the supreme court of 
California. 

WALLACE avenue, for William T. Wallace, chief justice of the supreme court 
of California. 

ARMSTRONG avenue, for General Samuel Strong Armstrong, founder of Hampton 
Institute. 

BANCROFT avenue, for George Bancroft, American historian, secretary of the 
navy, United States minister to Great Britain and Berlin. 

CARROLL avenue, for Charles Carroll, signer of the Declaration of 
Independence. 

DONNER avenue, for the leader of the party of immigrants who perished in 
the Sierra Nevada. 

EGBERT avenue, for Colonel Egbert, United States army, killed in the 
Philippines. 

FITZGERALD avenue, for Edward Fitzgerald, English poet and translator. 

GILMAN avenue, for Daniel C. Gilman, American educator, former president 
of the University of California. 

HOLLISTER avenue, for Sergeant Stanley Hollister of California, killed in 
Cuba. 

INGERSON avenue, for Doctor H. H. Ingerson, a citizen of San Francisco. 

KEY avenue, for Francis Scott Key. 

LE CONTE avenue, for Professor Joseph Le Conte, teacher, scientist, and 
author. 

MEADE avenue, for General George G. Meade, a commander at Gettysburg. 

NELSON avenue, for General William Nelson, a loyal Kentuckian. 

OLNEY avenue, for Richard Olney, American lawyer and statesman. 

PULASKI avenue, for Count Casimier Pulaski, Polish general who served in 
the Revolutionary war. 

RICHTER avenue, for Captain Reinhold Richter, First California volunteers, 
killed in Philippines. 

SAMPSON avenue for Admiral William T. Sampson, United States navy. 

TOVAR avenue, for Don Pedro de Tovar, ensign-general of Coronado's army. 

UGARTE avenue, for Father Juan de Ugarte, founder of missions in Lower 
California; first ship builder of the Californias, 1719. 

For the lettered streets of South San Francisco the following names were 
adopted by the commission: 

ALVORD street, for William Alvord. 

BOALT street, for John H. Boalt. 

COLEMAN street, for William T. Coleman. 

DONAHUE street, for Peter Donahue. 

EARL street, for John O. Earl. 

FITCH street, for George K. Fitch. 

GRIFFITH street, for Millen Griffith. 

HAWES street for Horace Hawes. 

INGALLS street, for General Rufus Ingalls. 

JENNINGS street, for Thomas Jennings (Sr.). 

KEITH street, for William Keith. 

LANE street, for Doctor L. C. Lane. 

MENDELL street, for George H. Mendell. 

NEWHALL street, for Henry M. Newhall. 

PHELPS street, for Timothy Guy Phelps. 

QUINT street, for Leander Quint. 

RANKIN street, for Ira P. Rankin. 

SELBY Street, for Thomas H. Selby. 

TOLAND street, for Doctor H. H. Toland. 

UPTON street, for Mathew G. Upton. 

BERNAL Heights and Bernal avenue, were named for the family of Juan 
Francisco Bernal, a soldier of Anza's company. 

PERALTA avenue, for the family of Gabriel Peralta, corporal of Anza's 
company. 

DE HARO street was named for Alcalde Francisco de Haro. 

The commission in selecting new names for numbered and lettered streets 
was limited in its choice by the necessity of preserving an alphabetical 
order. 



APPENDIX C. BUCARELI TO RIVERA

Instructions of the viceroy to the comandante of California regarding the 
establishment at San Francisco. (Provicial State Papers Miscellaneous ii., 
259, Spanish Archives of California.) 

"In consequence of what you and the Reverend Father President of your 
missions have represented to me in your last letters, I have now resolved 
upon the occupation of the Port of San Francisco, persuaded that this port 
may serve as the base for future operations, and have decided that Captain 
Don Juan Bautista de Anza, who at present is in this capital, shall lead a 
new expedition by land from his presidio of Tubac, taking adequate 
provisions of fruits and cattle, which being finished and the land 
surveyed by him, he must return by the same road with the ten soldiers he 
will take, and give me an account of the results. 

"Besides the escort (of ten soldiers) that will accompany him, he will 
take a lieutenant and a sergeant and he has orders to recruit in the 
province of Sonora twenty-eight men who will volunteer to go and make 
their homes in that country, and who, it is calculated, with their wives 
and children, will make a company of one hundred persons. 

"With this consideration I have arranged that the packet boat destined to 
supply with provisions the presidio and mission of Monterey, shall carry 
sufficient (provisions) for their maintenance for one year, and have so 
ordered the commissary at San Blas, Don Francisco Hijosa, to act, taking 
care to send them entirely separate, and distinctly marked that you may 
know them. When they are received they must be put in a safe and suitable 
place where they may be preserved and kept on deposit until the arrival of 
Anza's expedition, and the domiciliation of the families he will transport 
takes place, at which time, as they have this destiny only, the use of 
these provisions must begin, without permitting them to have any other 
application. If Don Juan Bautista de Anza should have need of any 
(provisions) in order to return to Sonora they must be furnished him from 
those that may be in the presidio or in the missions. 

"With this arrangement I believe I will have supplied the people you lack, 
as represented in your letter of 16th of June last, and with the sending 
of the arms, asked for in that of the 8th of October, which I suppose are 
in San Blas, or near that port, the needs for the defence of your 
establishments, which you state as urgent, will be supplied. 

"The proposed occupation of the Port of San Francisco has for its object 
not only the utility which may inspire us with larger ideas, but that 
there may be in that place a constant and sure sign indicating the 
authority of the king; and as I consider the erection of the proposed 
missions very proper in order to accomplish this purpose and propagate 
religion among the gentiles that inhabit the neighboring lands, I 
earnestly beg and charge the Reverend Father Junípero, that in making 
selections of suitable religious men for these missions from among his 
subordinates, he will earnestly impress upon them the importance of the 
undertaking, as upon this depends their success; and it becomes a singular 
service to God and to the king, to which you must contribute, on your 
part, all necessary assistance. 

"The indicated expedition will be under your orders in the custody of said 
port, from the very moment that Captain Don Juan Bautista de Anza arrives 
at your presidio and delivers it up to you; it being understood that the 
said captain has to assist also in the survey of the Rio de San Francisco, 
so as to be able to report to me what he has seen, and he will then return 
by the same road with the ten soldiers belonging to his presidio. 

"God preserve you many years. 
Mexico, December 15, 1774. 
El Bailio Frey Don Antonio Bucareli y Ursúa, 
Senor Don Fernando de Rivera 
y Moncada. 

"P. S. The object of this expedition is to conduct troops for the escoltas 
of the two missions that I have resolved to establish in the Port of San 
Francisco. There is nothing so interesting as this undertaking in its 
relation to future plans when we know, through advices we have received by 
sea, of the abundant harvest of souls awaiting the apostolic zeal of the 
missionary fathers, and I say to the Reverend Father Junípero that, in 
order to give effect to the pious intentions of the king and that these 
establishments may mutually aid each other, I will, on my part, give all 
the support in my power, on your sending me the information that you are 
in accord with Father Serra. 

"I have been informed of the abundant crops that have been raised this 
year in your country, and as the plentifulness of provisions can 
facilitate the conversion of the gentiles, I command this important matter 
to Padre Fray Junípero. 

"Between the two missions and not far from the coast, the fort should be 
erected for the shelter of the troops in order that they may go to the aid 
of either when the six men assigned to each mission are not sufficient. 
You may also take from the presidio in your charge some of the men whom 
you consider most suitable as being accustomed to the country, and 
exchange them for others among the company Captain Anza will bring. You 
can arrange this with him, understanding that he is fully advised of 
everything." 

El Bailio Bucareli. 
Senor Don Fernando 
de Rivera y Moncada. 



APPENDIX D. THE MURDER OF BERREYESA AND THE DE HAROS

The story of the death of Jose de los Reyes Berreyesa and Francisco and 
Ramon de Haro has been told in many of the accounts of the Bear Flag war 
and most of the narrators agree that it was an unprovoked murder. The Los 
Angeles Star published on September 27, 1856, a signed statement of Jasper 
O'Farrell, who saw the shooting and also a letter from Jose de los Santos 
Berreyesa, son of the murdered man. These statements may have been 
published in other newspapers, but if so the papers have disappeared and 
there is no record of the statements, so far as I know, save that of the 
Los Angeles Star, and of that day's issue I have only succeeded in finding 
one copy. From the fact that the records of this testimony have become so 
scarce it would seem as if some one had attempted to destroy them. This 
being the case I have thought it best to put the statements of O'Farrell 
and Berreyesa on record in this work and am able to do so through the 
courtesy of Mr. J. M. Guinn of Los Angeles, secretary of the Historical 
Society of Southern California, whose collection contains this valuable 
copy of the Star. It has been claimed that the statements were published 
in the newspapers for their political effect on the presidential campaign 
of 1856. That is probably true but it cannot in any way alter the facts. 

BERREYESA'S ACCOUNT 
San Francisco, Sept., 22, 1856. 
Hon. P. A. Roach 

My dear sir: 

"In reply to your question whether it is certain or not that Col. Fremont 
consented to or permitted his soldiers to commit any crime or outrage on 
the frontier of Sonoma or San Rafael in the year 1846, to satisfy your 
inquiry and to prove to you that what is said in relation thereto is true, 
I believe it will be sufficient to inform you of the following case: 
Occupying the office of first alcalde of Sonoma in the year 1846, having 
been taken by surprise and put in prison in said town in company with 
several of my countrymen, Col. Fremont arrived at Sonoma with his forces 
from Sacramento. He came, in company of Capt. Gillespie and several 
soldiers, to the room in which I was confined, and having required from me 
the tranquillity of my jurisdiction, I answered him that I did not wish to 
take part in any matters in the neighborhood, as I was a prisoner. After 
some further remarks he retired, not well satisfied with the tenor of my 
replies. On the following day accompanied by soldiers he went to San 
Rafael. At the time that the news of my arrest had reached my parents, at 
the instance of my mother, that my father should go to Sonoma to see the 
condition in which myself and brothers were placed, this pacific old man 
left Santa Clara for San Pablo. After many difficulties he succeded in 
passing (across the strait), accompanied by two young cousins, Francisco 
and Ramon Haro, and having disembarked near San Rafael they proceeded 
towards the mission of that name with the intention of getting horses and 
return to get their saddles, which remained on the beach. Unfortunately 
Col. Fremont was walking in the corridor of the mission with some of his 
soldiers and they perceived the three Californians. They took their arms 
and mounted--approached towards them, and fired. It is perhaps true that 
they were scarcely dead when they were stripped of the clothing, which was 
all they had on their persons; others say that Col. Fremont was asked 
whether they should be taken prisoners or killed and that he replied that 
he had no room for prisoners and in consequence of this they were slain. 

"On the day following this event Fremont returned to Sonoma and I learned 
from one of the Americans who accompanied him, and who spoke Spanish, that 
one of the persons killed at San Rafael was my father. I sought the first 
opportunity to question him (Fremont) about the matter, and whilst he was 
standing in front of the room in which I was a prisoner, I and my two 
brothers spoke to him and questioned him who it was that killed my father, 
and he answered that it was not certain he was killed, but that it was a 
Mr. Castro. Shortly afterwards a soldier passed by with a serape belonging 
to my father and one of my brothers pointed him out. After being satisfied 
of this fact I requested Col. Fremont to be called and told him that from 
seeing the serape on one of his men that I believed my father had been 
killed by his orders and begged that he would do me the favor to have the 
article restored to me that I might give it to my mother. To this Col. 
Fremont replied that he could not order its restoration as the serape 
belonged to the soldier who had it, and then he retired without giving me 
any further reply. I then endeavored to obtain it from the soldier who 
asked me $25, for it, which I paid, and in this manner I obtained it. This 
history, sir, I think will be sufficient to give you an idea of the 
conduct pursued by Col. Fremont in the year 1846." 
I remain your friend 
Jose S. Berreyesa. 
  

STATEMENT OF JASPER O'FARRELL, ESQ., 
IN REFERENCE TO THE ABOVE MENTIONED ACT 

I was at San Rafael in June 1846 when the then Captain Fremont arrived at 
that mission with his troops. The second day after his arrival there was a 
boat landed three men at the mouth of the estero on Point San Pedro. As 
soon as they were descried by Fremont there were three men (of whom Kit 
Carson was one) detailed to meet them. They mounted their horses and after 
advancing about one hundred yards halted and Carson returned to where 
Fremont was standing on the corridor of the mission, in company with 
Gillespie, myself, and others, and said: "Captain shall I take these men 
prisoners?" In response Fremont waved his hand and said: "I have got no 
room for prisoners." They then advanced to within fifty yards of the three 
unfortunate and unarmed Californians, alighted from their horses, and 
deliberately shot them. One of them was an old and respected Californian, 
Don Jose R. Berreyesa, whose son was the alcalde of Sonoma. The other two 
were twin brothers and sons of Don Francisco de Haro, a citizen of the 
Pueblo of Yerba Buena. I saw Carson some two years ago and spoke to him of 
this act and he assured me that then and since he regretted to be 
compelled to shoot those men, but Fremont was blood-thirsty enough to 
order otherwise, and he further remarked that it was not the only brutal 
act he was compelled to commit while under his command. 

"I should not have taken the trouble of making this public but that the 
veracity of a pamphlet published by C. E. Pickett, Esq., in which he 
mentions the circumstance has been questioned--a history which I am 
compelled to say is, alas, too true--and from having seen a circular 
addressed to the native Californians by Fremont, or some of his friends, 
calling on them to rally to his support, I therefore give the above act 
publicity, so as to exhibit some of that warrior's tender mercies and 
chivalrous exploits, and must say that I feel degraded in soiling paper 
with the name of a man whom, for that act, I must always look upon with 
contempt and consider as a murderer and a coward." 

(Signed) Jasper O'Farrell. 



APPENDIX E. BIBLIOGRAPHY

The San Francisco fire of 1906 destroyed the Spanish Archives of 
California, consisting of perhaps three hundred thousand documents, 
forming the records of California under Spanish and Mexican rule. That 
part of the archives constituting the land titles of California was saved 
by reason of the expedientes being kept in a large iron safe which 
withstood the heat of the fire, and while badly baked and sweated the 
papers were found legible when the safe was opened some three months 
later. The other papers consisting of royal proclamations, military 
reports, mission reports, court proceedings, journals, diaries, 
correspondence, and all the multitudinous documents relating to the 
details of government, had been collected by the United States authorities 
and placed in custody of the United States surveyor-general for 
California. The loss is very great though not necessarily irreparable, for 
under the system of Spain which was followed by Mexico, a number of 
certified copies of each report, order, etc., were made, and these copies 
may be found in Mexico, in Madrid, in Seville, and in other places. They 
have found their way into the British museum and into various libraries of 
the United States. When making his history of California Mr. H. H. 
Bancroft put a number of men at work on these manuscripts and took from 
them such memoranda as he desired to use in his study. He did not make 
copies, save in a few instances, nor are his extracts more valuable, as he 
claims, for historical purposes than the originals. In 1858 Congress 
passed an act authorizing the collection of all papers, documents, books, 
etc, of every description belonging or pertaining to the former government 
of California, appointed the United States surveyor-general for California 
custodian, and made it the duty of the secretary of the interior to 
collect said documents wherever they might be found and place them with 
the custodian. Under this law Edwin M. Stanton, afterwards secretary of 
war, collected the manuscripts and bound the miscellaneous or historical 
documents in two hundred and seventy-four volumes, classified as 
Department Records, Department State Papers, Provincial State Papers, 
etc., titles having no meaning whatsoever, for the papers were jumbled 
together without regard to date or character. For a number of years I 
spent all my spare time delving into this mine of historical information 
and some of my most valuable and interesting records have come from it. 

From this storehouse comes the story of Anza's great expedition for the 
founding of San Francisco. From it I have also obtained a complete census 
(padron) of California in the year 1790, as well as padrones of the 
various presidios, missions, pueblos, and ranchos from 1781 to 1845. These 
census lists together with the filiaciones, hojas de servicio, and mission 
registers have enabled me to give the origin and family record of the 
first settlers of California, thereby making the narrative of this history 
somewhat more personal and interesting than it would otherwise be. 

The greatest source of historical information is the Bancroft collection, 
now belonging to the University of California. This has been pretty fairly 
described in Bancroft's history and through the courtesy of Mr. Frederick 
J. Teggart, the curator, I have made extensive use of it. The mission 
registers (Libro de Misiones) are, in most instances, in the possession of 
the parish priests-- successors of the missionaries. I have made a 
complete transcript of the registers of births, marriages, and deaths, (de 
razon) of the mission of San Francisco from 1776 to 1850, the mission of 
San Francisco Solano, and those of Santa Clara and Santa Barbara, 
following the lines of San Francisco families. 

The most interesting and valuable of the documents, not yet printed, are 
the diaries of the two expeditions of Juan Bautista de Anza. Anza's diary 
of 1774 is in the archives of Mexico; that of 1775-76, was in the archives 
of California--copies of both are in the Bancroft library. The diary of 
Pedro Font (borrador) is in the Academy of Pacific Coast History, and 
Font's full diary or report is in the John Carter Brown library at 
Providence, R. I., a certified copy of which, comprising six hundred and 
seventy pages (MS.) is in my possession. 

For the account of the discovery and first attempt at settlement of 
California, we must go back to Bernal Diaz del Castillo's "Historia 
Verdadera de la Conquista." Diaz was born in Medino del Campo about 1498; 
died in Guatemala about 1593. He accompanied Pedrarias to Darien in 1514, 
and thence crossed to Cuba; was with Cordoba in the discovery of Yucatan 
in 1517, and with Grijalva in 1518; he subsequently joined Cortes and 
served through the conquest of Mexico, and accompanied Alvarado to 
Guatemala in 1524. In all these campaigns he was a common soldier, though 
he subsequently became a captain. He began writing his history in 1558, at 
Santiago de los Cabelleros in Guatemala. It was first published in Madrid 
in 1632, and has remained a standard historical authority for the conquest 
of Mexico. 

The works of Vanegas: "Noticia de la Calfornia," and of Palou: "Vida de 
Junípero Serra," and "Noticias de la Nueva California" are the principal 
authorities for the historical beginnings of Baja and Alta California, 
while in the modern history Bancroft easily ranks first for the colonial 
period, and though I have questioned some parts of his narrative there is 
no doubt of the value of the work to the student and I have freely availed 
myself of his references, thereby greatly facilitating my work in the 
Bancroft collection. The work of contemporary writers and travelers such 
as Vancouver, Beechey, Morrell, Dana, Simpson, Brown, Bayard Taylor, and 
others, has been liberally drawn upon, as well for historic merit as for 
local color and atmosphere. One of the more valuable of these is Davis' 
"Sixty Years in California." William Heath Davis was born in Honolulu in 
1822. His father, William Heath Davis, was a Boston ship-master engaged in 
the China trade who lived long in the Hawaiian Islands, being married to a 
daughter of Oliver Holmes, another Boston ship-master, also long a 
resident of the islands and one time governor of Oahu. Holmes' wife was a 
native Hawaiian, and another of his daughters married Nathan Spear. 
William Heath Davis, Jr., first visited California in 1831, a boy on the 
bark Louisa. In 1833 he came again on the bark Volunteer, and the third 
time in 1838 on the bark Don Quixote. From 1838 he was clerk and manager 
for his uncle, Nathan Spear, at San Francisco, remaining in his service 
until 1842, when he engaged as supercargo on the Don Quixote and made 
several trips to the Hawaiian Islands. In 1845 he entered into business on 
his own account and became a prominent merchant and shipowner in San 
Francisco, member of the ayuntamiento, etc. In 1849 he began the second 
brick building in San Francisco on the northwest corner of Montgomery and 
California streets, finished in 1850, the bricks and cement being brought 
from Boston. It was forty feet front on Montgomery street by eighty on 
California, four stories high, and he leased it to the government for a 
custom house. It was burned in the fire of May 3, 1851. In 1847 Davis was 
married to María de Jesus, daughter of Joaquin Estudillo. He was living in 
San Francisco at the time of the fire of 1906. He died at the house of his 
daughter, Mrs. Edwin H. Clough, in Haywards, April 19, 1909. He was very 
prosperous for many years but in his old age reverses overtook him and he 
died a poor man. 

Another valuable contribution is Robinson's "Life in California." Alfred 
Robinson, a native of Massachusetts, born in 1805, came to California on 
the American ship Brookline in 1829, and remained as agent for Bryant and 
Sturgis of Boston. He traded up and down the coast disposing of cargoes 
and buying hides. He joined the Catholic church and was baptized Jose 
María Alf redo. On June 24, 1836, he married, in Santa Barbara, Ana María 
de la Gracia Leonora, daughter of Jose de la Guerra. Readers of Dana's 
"Two Years Before the Mast" will remember his description of the wedding 
and of the ridicule he cast upon the bridegroom, pinned and skewered in a 
tight, swallow-tailed coat just imported from Boston. Dana revisited 
California twenty-four years later and called on Don Alfredo in Santa 
Barbara. "I did not know how he would receive me," he writes, "remembering 
what I had printed to the world about him at a time when I took little 
thought that the world was going to read it; but there was no sign of 
offence, only a cordiality which gave him, as between us, rather the 
advantage in status." Robinson's only allusion to Dana's offence is when 
describing the wedding of Dona Angustias de la Guerra he says: "On this 
occasion the bridegroom neither had an opportunity of appropriating the 
services of an experienced steward (of the Alert, one of Bryant and 
Sturgis' ships) nor had he a vessel to which he could repair and make use 
of her choicest stores, as has been facetiously stated in a popular work 
by R. H. Dana to have been done by an American gentleman who subsequently 
married a sister of the bride." Don Alfredo was straightforward in all his 
dealings and had the respect of all classes. His book, published 
anonymously in 1846, was marred by the use of initials instead of names, 
which fault was corrected in the reprint of 1891, to which were added 
several chapters. It remains one of the best and most interesting 
narratives of life in California during the colonial period. When the 
Pacific Mail Steamship Company was established Robinson was appointed 
agent in California with headquarters in San Francisco. He died in San 
Francisco October 19, 1895. 

Richard Henry Dana and his book "Two Years Before the Mast," are too well 
known to require any notice here. Dana was but twenty years old when he 
came to California and many of his statements are decidedly boyish in 
character and flippant in tone. In his later edition, his chapter "Twenty-
four Years After," is a great improvement both in style and sentiment. 

William H. Thomes, a native of Maine, came in 1843 from Boston, a sailor 
boy, age sixteen, on the American ship Admittance, Peter Peterson, master; 
Henry Mellus, supercargo; incited to this adventure by reading Dana's "Two 
Years Before the Mast." He was seized with an intense longing to encounter 
the dangers Dana had met with; see the same ports he had visited; get wet 
with the same surf, and see the same people he had described. So 
uncomfortable did he make himself at home over this matter that his 
parents concluded that a long and difficult voyage, under a Tartar 
captain, would be the only cure for his complaint. They therefore enrolled 
him on the shipping papers of the Admittance. His book "On Land and Sea," 
is full of interest--particularly in its personal descriptions. Thomes and 
his friend Lewey, another ship-boy, feigned an attack of smallpox to be 
left in California when the ship started for home in order that they might 
return to the Refugio rancho and marry a couple of pretty mestizas. The 
girls, however, would have none of them, and Thomes returned east on the 
schooner California and ultimately married a daughter of his old master on 
the Admittance, Captain Peterson. He returned to California in 1849 on the 
ship Edward Everett. His later work, "Lewey and I," a story of the 
conquest, is very inferior to the first book and worthless from an 
historical point of view. 

The prominence of John H. Brown in the foregoing pages is due to the fact 
that he wrote a book, "The Early Days of San Francisco"; a book so bad 
that it amounts to a literary curiosity and deserves a place in Golden 
Gate Park museum. Brown tells his story with originality and a freedom 
from prejudice in matters of orthography that is quite striking, yet he 
tells what he saw--or thought he saw--and gives us much that is new and 
interesting; some of which I have verified. John Henry Brown was an 
English sailor who ran away from his ship and came to Philadelphia about 
1830. In 1840 he was in the Cherokee Nation, and in 1843, in company with 
a party of Cherokee fur-traders, crossed the country by the Humboldt-
Truckee route and spent the winter at Johnson's rancho on the Bear river. 
Returning east in 1844, he came back with the Grigsby-Ide party in 1845. 
Brown stayed for a while with Sutter and then went to work in Yerba Buena, 
first as barkeeper for Finch and Thompson in their saloon on the northwest 
corner of Kearny and Washington streets, then as barkeeper for Bob Ridley 
on the south side of Clay street below Kearny. He lived in San Francisco 
until 1850, keeping the Portsmouth house, and later, the City hotel, and 
from 1850 to 1881 lived in Santa Cruz. In 1885 he kept a grocery store in 
San Francisco. He was a well-known character and claimed to know more than 
any other living man regarding the history of San Francisco. He said that 
so many misrepresentations had been made concerning San Francisco by 
writers who relied upon hearsay evidence that he would write a true 
history of the city from his actual experience. 

As I write this chapter I am informed of the death of my friend Professor 
George Davidson. He had been in somewhat feeble bodily health for some 
time though his fine mind and his wonderful memory were unimpaired. But 
the link which bound us to the past is broken. Since 1850 Professor 
Davidson has been identified with the scientific progress of the states 
and territories of the Pacific coast and no man was his equal in knowledge 
of their history. He has taken the greatest interest in my work, has 
helped me with suggestion and advice and every important chapter and note, 
in its final form, has been read and approved by him. For fifty years 
Professor Davidson was connected with the coast and geodetic survey and 
for thirty years was in charge of the work on the Pacific coast. Coming to 
California in charge of an astronomical and triangulation party, during 
the gold excitement, in 1850, Professor Davidson and his assistants were 
charged by their chief not to accept private employment for a period of 
one year, and to this all agreed. In consideration of the high cost of 
living in California Davidson's pay was advanced from six to eight hundred 
dollars a year--almost enough to maintain him for two months. By 
arrangement with the military authorities he was permitted to obtain 
supplies from the quartermaster at the government rate, otherwise he would 
have been obliged to resign. Most of his assistants promptly resigned to 
accept private employment for which the most exorbitant fees were paid, 
but Davidson's plain and simple honesty did not permit a deviation from 
the path of duty. He had undertaken to serve the government and would 
carry out his contract. Offered a fee of five thousand dollars to run a 
street line in Santa Barbara, he refused the offer and lived on his eight 
hundred dollars a year. His long service in the survey made him thoroughly 
familiar with both the coast line and the interior and he was frequently 
called as an expert in the great land cases. It was his rule to refuse 
employment from either side, requiring a subpoena of the court and then 
his testimony was at the service of either party to the action. His 
testimony in the Limantour case has been spoken of. It ended the case and 
caused the arrest of the petitioner while his accomplices fled. The 
lawyers received great fees; the expert received nothing. 

Living by the line of duty, which his clear sight could not mistake, 
Professor Davidson died a poor man, as the world counts wealth, but rich 
in all that makes life valuable. He was honored by the leading governments 
of Europe as well as by that of the United States, and by universities and 
scientific societies of Europe and America. His work on the Alaska 
boundary, the boundary between the United States and British Columbia, and 
that between California and Nevada is of special value. He was 
correspondent of the Bureau of Longitudes of France; the Academy of 
sciences of the French Institute; the Swedish Anthropological and 
Geographical society, and of the Royal Geographical society; honorary 
professor of geodesy and astronomy and professor of geography in the 
University of California; doctor of laws; doctor of science; doctor of 
philosophy; knight of the Order of Saint Olaf in Norway, and member of 
thirty-four learned societies in this country and Europe. He was author of 
two hundred and sixty-one books and papers on scientific and historical 
subjects. 

George Davidson was born in Nottingham, England, November, 1825; died in 
San Francisco, California, December 1, 1911; married in 1858, Eleanor, 
daughter of Robert Henry Fontleroy, of Virginia, and Jane Dale Owen, 
daughter of Robert Owen of Lanark, Scotland. A son and a daughter survive 
him. A mountain in Alaska and one in San Francisco bear his name and one 
of the city streets was named in his honor. 

In the following list of authorities examined I designate manuscripts in 
Bancroft collection, B. C. and those (that were) in the Spanish Archives 
of California, S. A. C. 

Alvarado (Juan Bautista), Historia de California. MS. B.C. 

Alameda County History. 1881. 

Anza (Juan Bautista), Diario que practico por tierra el ano de 1774, El 
Capitan Don Juan Bautista de Anza desde Sonora a los Nuevos 
Establecimientos de California. MS. Archivo de Mexico. Diario del Teniente 
Coronel Don Juan Bautista de Anza, Capitan del Presidio de Tubac, Sonora, 
etc. 1775-76. MS. S.A.C. 

Apostolicos Afanes de la Companía de Jesus. Barcelona, 1754. 

Archives of California, 274 vol. with many unbound MS. (Destroyed by fire, 
1906.) 

Arrillaga (Jose Joaquin), Correspondence. Men of the First Expedition. MS. 
S. A. C. 

Avila (María Inocenta Pico de), Cosas de California. MS. B. C. 

Ayala (Juan Manuel), Log of the San Carlos. Report on Bay of San 
Francisco. Description of Bay of San Francisco. In March of Portola. San 
Francisco, 1909. 

Baldridge (William), Days of '49. MS. B. C. 

Bancroft (Hubert H.), History of Pacific States. 

Barnes (George A.), Oregon and California in 1849. MS. B. C. 

Barry (T. A.) and B. A. Patten, Men and Memories of San Francisco. San 
Francisco, 1873. 

Bartlett (John Russell), Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents. 
New York, 1854. 

Beckwith (E. G.), Report of Explorations of a Route for the Pacific 
Railroad, 38th & 39th parallel. 33d Cong. 1st Ses. H. Ex. Doc. 129. 

Bee (Heary J.), Recollections of California from 1830. MS. B. C. 

Beechey (F. W.), Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific in 1825-28. London, 
1831. 

Belden (Josiah), Historical Statement. MS. B. C. 

Benton (Thomas H.), Letters and Speeches. Niles Register and Congressional 
Globe. 

Berreyesa (Jose de los Santos), In Los Angeles Star, September 27, 1856. 

Bidwell (John), California in 1841. MS. B. C. Statements in Royce's 
California. Articles in Century Magazine, XVIII., XIX. 

Bigelow (John), Life and Services of J. C. Fremont. New York, 1856. 

Bigler (Henry), Diary of a Mormon in California. MS. B. C. 

Bluxome (Isaac, Jr.), Personal Narrative. MS. B. C. 

Bosqui (Edward), Memoirs. San Francisco, 1904. 

Borthwick (J. D.), Three Years in California. London, 1857. 

Breen (Patrick), Diary of a Member of the Donner Party. MS. B. C. 

Broughton (William R.), A Voyage of Discovery to North Pacific Ocean. 
London, 1804. 

Brown (Charles), Early Days of California. MS. B. C. 

Brown (John H.), Early Days of San Francisco. San Francisco, 1886. 

Bryant (Edwin), What I Saw in California. New York, 1848. 

Bryce (James), American Commonwealths. London, 1891. 

Bucareli (El Bailio Frey D. Antonio), Reglamento, 1773, 1774. Letter to 
Fages October 14, 1772. To Rivera, September 19, 1773, and January 2, 
1775. MS. S. A. C. 

Buffam (E. Gould), Six Months in the Gold Mines. Philadelphia, 1850. 

Burnett (Peter F.), Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer. New 
York, 1880. 

Cabrera Bueno (Jose Gonzales), Treatise on Navigation. London, 1790. 

California, Journals of Senate and Assembly, 1850-1856. 

California and New Mexico. Messages and Documents 31st Cong. 1st Ses. H. 
Ex. Doc. 17. 

Canfield (Chauncey), Diary of a Forty-niner. 

Castenares (Jose), Diary of Journey, Velicata to San Diego, 1769. MS. S. 
A. C. Reconnaissance of the Port of San Francisco. In March of Portola. 
San Francisco, 1809. 

Castenares (Manuel), Documentos para la Historia de California. Mexico, 
1846. 

Castro Documents. MS. B. C. 

Century Magazine, XVII., XIX. Articles by various writers. 

Clark (William S.), Recollections of a San Francisco Pioneer. MS. B. C. 

Clemens (Samuel L.) (Mark Twain), Innocents Abroad. 

Colton (Walter), Deck and Port. New York, 1850. Three Years in California. 
New York, 1850. 

Congressional Globe, 1847-48. 

Coon (H. P.), Annals of San Francisco. MS. B. C. 

Coronel (Antonio F.), Cosas de California. MS. B. C. 

Cortes (Hernan), Historia de New Espana. Edited by Lorenzana. 

Costanso (Miguel), Diario Historico de los Viages de Mar y Tierra hechos 
al Norte de California. MS. Sutro Library, also Pub. Academy Pacific Coast 
Hist., 1911. Historical Journal. London, 1790. 

Coues (Elliott), On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer. Diary of Garces. New 
York, 1900. 

Crespi (Juan), Diario Viage San Diego a Monterey, 1769. In Palou's 
Noticias. Diario que se formo en el registro que se hizo del San 
Francisco, 1772. In Palou's Noticias. Letter, May 21, 1772. In Outwest, 
January, 1902. Diary of Voyage on the Santiago, 1774. Pub. Historical 
Society of Southern California. Vol. ii., part 1. 

Croix (Teodoro), Approval of Location of Presidio of Santa Barbara. MS. S. 
A. C. 

Crosby (E. O.), Events in California. MS. B. C. 

Dana (Richard H., Jr.), Two Years Before the Mast. Boston, 1873. 

Davidson (George), Methods and Results--Voyages on Northwest Coast. 1539-
1603. Washington, 1887. The Alaska Boundary. San Francisco, 1903. 
Discovery San Francisco Bay. San Francisco, 1907. Francis Drake on North 
Coast of America in 1579. San Francisco, 1908. Origin and Meaning of Name 
California. San Francisco, 1910. 

Davis (William Heath), Sixty Years in California. San Francisco, 1889. 

Delano (Amasa), Life on the Plains, etc. New York, 1857. 

Deymann (Rev. Clementinus), Portiúncula Indulgence. San Francisco, 1895. 

Diaz del Castillo (Bernal), Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva 
Espana. Paris, 1837. 

Directory, San Francisco: Parker, 1852-53; Colville, 1856. 

Documentos para la Historia California. MS. B. C. 

Doyle (John T.), Historical Introduction to Palou's Noticias. Memo, as to 
discovery of Bay of San Francisco. San Francisco, 1889. Pious Fund of 
California. In Pub. Cal. Hist. Society, Vol. i., part 1. San Francisco, 
1887. 

Drake (Francis), The World Encompassed. Hakluyt Soc. Ed. London, 1854. 

Dwinelle (John W.), Colonial History of San Francisco. San Francisco, 
1866. 

Dye (Job F.), Recollections of California. MS. B. C. 

Emory (William H.), Notes of a Military Reconnaissance. Washington, 1848. 

Esplandian, Sergas of (Reprint). 

Estudillo (Jose Joaquin), Documentos para la Historia de California. MS. 
B. C. 

Fages (Pedro), Salida Que Hizo El Theniente de Vol. de Cataluna, Don Pedro 
Fages, 1770. Pub. Academy Pac. Coast Hist., Vol. ii., No. 3, 1911. Letter 
to Romeu, May 28, 1791. S. A. C. MS. Report of the Massacre of the 
Colorado. MS. S. A. C. 

Farnham (J. T.), Life, Adventures, and Travels in California. New York, 
1857. 

Fay (Caleb T.), Historical Facts on California. MS. B.C. 

Field (Stephen J.), Personal Reminiscenes of Early Days. 

Figueroa (Jose), Manifesto of. San Francisco, 1855. Provisional 
Regulations for Secularization of the Missions of Alta California. In H. 
Doc. 17. 

Filiaciones (Enrollment). MS. S. A. C.; B. C. 

First Steamship Pioneers. San Francisco, 1874. 

Folsom (Joseph L.), Report on Boundaries of Military Reserve at San 
Francisco. Superior Court of San Francisco, Herman vs. City and County of 
San Francisco. 

Font (Pedro), Diario que forma el Padre Fray Pedro Font en el viage del 
que hizo a Monterey y Puerto de San Francisco, 1775 y 1776. Sacado del 
Borrador. MS. (University of California.) Diary of Font, in full. MS. 
Carter Brown Library, Providence, R. I. 

Forbes (Alexander), History of California. London, 1839. 

Forster (John), Pioneer Data from 1832. MS. B. C. 

Foster (Stephen C.), Angeles from '47 to '49. MS. B. C. 

Fourgeaud (Victor J.), Prospects of California. In California Star. April, 
1848. 

Fowler (John), Bear Flag Revolt. MS. B. C. 

Fremont (John Charles), Geographical Memoir. Washington, 1849. Memoir of 
My Life. New York, 1887. Conquest of California in Century Mag., Vol. XIX. 
Memoirs of Life and Services by John Bigelow. Court-martial, 30th Cong. 
1st. Ses. Sen. Ex. Doc. 33. Cal. Claims; 30th Cong. 1st. Ses. Senate Rep. 
75. Correspondence in Cong. Globe, Niles Register, etc. 

Galvez (Jose), Letter of Instruction to Fages, January 5, 1769. MS. S. A. 
C. 

Garces (Francisco), Diario y Derrotero. Translated by Dr. Elliott Coues. 

Garcia (Jose María), Report on Condition of Territory, 1834 MS. S. A. C. 

Garniss (James R.), Early Days of San Francisco. MS. B.C. 

Gleeson (William), Hist. of Catholic Church in California. San Francisco, 
1872. 

Goycoechea (Filipe), Report Concerning Joseph O'Cain, 1795. MS. S. A. C. 

Hakluyt's Voyages. Various relations concerning Coronado, Marco de Niza, 
Mendoza, Espejo, Gomera, Ulloa, Preciado, Gali, Alarcon, and others. 

Hale (Edward Everett), Queen of California. In Atlantic Monthly. xiii. 
265. 

Hall (Frederick), Hist. of San Jose. San Francisco, 1871. 

Hall (William Ham.), Irrigation in California. 

Halleck (Henry W.), Correspondence. In Doc. 17. House of Rep. 31st Cong. 
1st Ses. Report on Land Titles in California, in same. 

Harlan (Jacob Wright), California, '46 to '88. San Francisco, 1888. 

Hastings (Lansford W.), Emigrants' Guide to Oregon and California. 
Cincinnati, 1845. New Description of Oregon and California. Cincinnati, 
1849. 

Hayes (Benjamin), Emigrant Notes. MS. B. C. 

Heitman (Francis B.), Historical Register and Dictionary of the United 
States Army. 

Helper (Hinton R.), The Land of Gold. Baltimore, 1855. 

Historical Society of Southern California Publications. Various documents 
in Sutro library relating to voyages of Gali, Cermeno, and Vizcaino. 
Letters from Junípero Serra to Viceroy and diaries of Crespi and Pena, 
part 1, vol. ii., also part 1, vol. vi., various documents. 

Hittell (John S.), History of San Francisco. San Francisco, 1878. 

Hittell (Theodore H.), Oration: Achievements of California. San Francisco, 
1892. History of California. San Francisco, 1897. George Bancroft and His 
Services to California. San Francisco, 1893. 

Hoffman (Ogden), Report of Land Cases. San Francisco, 1862. Opinions in 
Law Cases. 

Hojas de Servicio. Various soldiers. MSS. S. A. C. and B.C. 

Hutchings' Illustrated California Magazine. 

Hyde (George), Historical Facts on California. MS. B.C. 

Ide (William B.), Bear Flag Revolt. MS. B. C. Biographical Sketch. 

Irving (Washington), Adventures of Bonneville. 

Johnson (Theodore T.), Sights in the Gold Region. New York, 1849. 

Johnston (Abraham R.), Journal of a Trip with the First Dragoons in 1846. 
In Doc. 41. H. of Rep. 30th Cong. 1st Ses. 

Jones (William Carey), First Phase of the Conquest of California. Pub. 
Cal. Hist. Socy. Vol. 0., Part 1. San Francisco, 1887. 

Kearny (Stephen W.), Documents and reports in H. Doc. 17. 30th Cong. 1st 
Ses. Report of Battle of San Pascual in Bryant's What I saw in California. 
General Kearny and the Conquest of California by Valentine M. Porter. Los 
Angeles, 1911. 

Kelly (William), A Stroll Through the Diggings of California. London, 
1852. 

Kirkpatrick (Chas. A.), Journal of 1849. MS. B. C. 

Kotzebuc (Otto von), New Voyage Around the World. London, 1830. 

Lancey (Thomas C.), Cruise of the Dale. Scrapbook from San Jose Pioneer. 
B. C. 
Land Titles in San Francisco. Hart vs. Burnett. Supreme Court of 
California. San Francisco, 1859. 

Langsdorff (C. H. von), Voyages and Travels. 1803-07. 

La Perouse (John Francis Gallup, Count de), Voyage Around the World, With 
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